MODULE 1:

MATTER AND ITS

VARIOUS FORMS
 • LESSON 1:
STATES OF MATTER
• Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
• Matter exists as solid, liquid, gas or plasma.
• SOLIDS have fixed shape, fixed volume and cannot be
compressed
• LIQUIDS take up the shape of their container, have
fixed volume, and cannot be compressed
• GASES do not have fixed shape or volume and are
highly compressible.
• PLASMAS have no fixed shape or volume, and are less
dense than solids or liquids. But unlike ordinary gases,
plasmas are made up of atoms in which some or all of
the electrons have been stripped away and positively
charged nuclei, called ions, roam freely.
 Kinetic Particle Theory

• All matter is made up of tiny particles and

these particles are in constant random
motion.
• What does the Kinetic Particle Theory do?
– Describes the state of matter
– Explains the differences in the properties of solids,
liquids and gases
– Explains the changes in the state of matter
 SOLIDS
• Why does a solid have a fixed shape?
❖ The particles of solids are closely packed
❖ The particles cannot move freely
❖ Intermolecular forces are strong
❖ Kinetic energy is weak
• Why does a solid have fixed volume?
❖ Particles are compact
❖Strong intermolecular forces prevent free
movement of particles
 LIQUIDS
• Why does a liquid not have fixed shape?
❖ Particles are arranged in a disorderly manner
❖ Intermolecular forces are weaker than those of solid
particles
❖Have more kinetic energy
❖Particles move freely throughout
• Why does a liquid have a fixed volume?
❖ Particles are packed in a disorderly but still quite
closely together
❖ Particles cannot be compressed but he volume is
fixed
 GASES
• Why does a gas not have a fixed shape?
❖ Particles are spread far apart from each other
❖Has very weak intermolecular forces
❖Has very strong kinetic energy
❖Particles can move rapidly in any direction
• Why does a gas not have a fixed volume?
❖ Gas particles have a lot of space between them
❖Large spaces allow easy compression or the particles
can move close to each other with the application of
pressure.
 • LESSON 2:
CHANGES IN THE STATE OF
MATTER
 MELTING
➢ Heat energy is absorbed by the solid
particles
When solids ➢ Heat energy is converted to kinetic
turn to liquid energy

➢ Particles move faster

➢ Movement of the particles overcome

the intermolecular forces

➢ Particles begin to break away from

their fixed positions

➢ Particles become disorderly in their

arrangement

➢ Particles can move freely throughout

the substance
 FREEZING
When liquid
changes to solid
 BOILING
Change of liquid
to gas at its
boiling point
 EVAPORATION
When a liquid
changes to gas
at a temperature
lower than its
boiling point
 CONDENSATION

When gas
changes to liquid
 SUBLIMATION

When a solid changes

directly into gas without
undergoing the
liquid state.
DEPOSITION
 • LESSON 3:
MEASURING PHYSICAL
QUANTITIES
 MASS
• The SI unit for mass is
kilogram or kg
(3)
• The standard unit is the
gram or g.
(1)
• The mass of a substance
is measured by a
(1)platform balance, a
(2)beam balance or an
(2) (3) electronic balance
TIME

• The SI unit of time is the

second or sec.

• A stopwatch, a
wristwatch or a
cellphone watch can be
used to measure time
TEMPERATURE
• Kelvin or K is the SI unit
for temperature.
• Other units:
▪ Celsius
▪ Fahrenheit
▪ Absolute
VOLUME

• The SI unit for volume is

mL
• Liter or L is the standard
unit.
 • LESSON 4:
SEPARATION AND
PURIFICATION
A pure substance is made up of
one single element or compound.
It is not mixed with any other
substance.
Mixture is made up of 2 or more
substances that are not
chemically combined.
 Separating a solid from a liquid
• Filtration: used to separate insoluble solid
particles from a
liquid.
--- solid particles such as sand, clay, dust
particles and
other insoluble solid particles can be
separated from
water by filtration.
• Evaporation to dryness
-- is used to obtain a
soluble solid from a
solution by heating the
solution untill all the
water has boiled off.
• Crystallization - is used
for obtaining a pure
solid sample from its
solution
 Separating solids
• Dissolving the other • When sand and salt at
solid - is used to mixed, we can separate
separate 2 solids in them by adding water.
solution when one is • Salt will dissolve leaving
soluble in a particular the sand particles
solvent while the other behind.
is not.
• sublimation - is used to
separate a solid that
sublimes from one
that does not.
• Using a magnet - to
separate a magnetic
substance from a non-
magnetic substance.
 Separating Liquid from a solution

• simple distillation - is
used to separate a pure
solvent from a solution
*

*decanting - is used to
separate two liquids with
different densities
• using a separatory
funnel - to separate
immiscible liquids
• fractional distillation -
is used to separate
liquids with different
boiling poits.
 Chromatography
• A method of separating two or
more components that dissolve
in the same solvent
• The chromatography paper with
the separated components is
called a chromatograph.
• The amount that each
component of a mixture travels
can be quantified using
retention factor (Rf)
 How to identify banned substances in food colouring

Uses of Chromatography• Paper chromatography is used to analyze a sample

of food colouring
• To separate • Each dye is identified by comparing:
components in a a. its position in the chromatograph with
sample (dyes in ink, that kind of known dye on the same
chromatograph
pigments in plants,
amino acids from b. its Rf value with the Rf of the known dye
proteins, etc.) • Chemists can then check against a database of
banned dyes to see if the dyes are permitted for
• To identify the use in food.
components present in
a sample. (traces of How to separate and analyse amino acids
banned substances in • Separate the mixture of amino acids by
food colouring, traces chromatography using a suitable solvent
of contaminants, etc) • Stop the chromatography before the solvent
• Identify substances reaches the top of the paper. Dry the paper.
(poisons, pesticides, • Spray a locating agent onto the paper
and drugs) • The locating agent reacts with each of the
• Determine whether a amino acids to form coloured spots on the
sample is pure. paper. By checking the Rf value of each
coloured spot, we can identify the different
amino acids.
 Determining Purity
** Determining the purity of a substance is important as it helps
us detect harmful impurities and ensures that products meet
quality standards.
• A solid is pure if it has an
exact and constant (fixed) • A liquid is pure if it has an
melting point. exact and constant (fixed)
Effects of impurities on melting point boiling point.
of solids:
➢ They lower the melting point of Effects of impurities on the boiling
solids. The greater the amount of point of liquids:
impurities, the lower the melting ➢ Impurities increase the boiling
point of solids. The melting point
of pure benzoic acid is 249.2oC. point of a liquid. The greater
➢ Impurities cause melting point to the amount of impurities, the
take place over a range of higher the boiling point.
temperatures. Ex. An impure
sample of benzoic acid may melt ➢ Impurities cause boiling to take
over a temperature range of 118- place over a range of
121oC. temperatures.