GENERAL CHEMISTRY

Principles and Modern Applications TENTH EDITION

PETRUCCI HERRING MADURA BISSONNETTE

Matter: Its Properties

and Measurement
PHILIP DUTTON
UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY AND
BIOCHEMISTRY

Slide 1 of 37 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Matter: Its Properties CONTENTS

and Measurement 1-1 The Scientific Method

1-2 Properties of Matter

1-3 Classification of Matter

Measurement of Matter: SI
1-4
(Metric) Units

Density and Percent

1-5 Composition: Their Use in
Problem Solving

Uncertainties in Scientific
1-6
Measurements

1-7 Significant Figures

Slide 2 of 37 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

 1-1 The Scientific Method

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

developer of:
• germ theory
• pasteurization
• rabies vaccination
Called the greatest physician of
all time by some.
He was a chemist by training
and profession.

Slide 3 of 37 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

 The scientific method is the combination of observation,
experimentation, and the formulation of laws, hypotheses, and theories.

Slide 4 of 37 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

 1-2 Properties of Matter
«Chemistry is the science that deals with the composition and properties of matter».

In this and the next section, we will consider some basic ideas relating to these three
terms in hopes of gaining a better understanding of what chemistry is all about.

Matter: Occupies space, has mass and inertia

Composition: Parts or components

ex. H2O, 11.19% H and 88.81% O

Properties: Distinguishing features

physical and chemical properties
A physical property is one that a In a chemical change, or chemical reaction,
sample of matter displays without one or more kinds of matter are
changing its composition. converted to new kinds of matter with different
compositions.

Slide 5 of 37 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

 1-3 Classification of Matter
• Matter is made up of very tiny units called atoms.
• The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
(IUPAC) recognizes 114 elements, and all matter is made up of
just these types. About 90% available from natural sources.
• The periodic table is the chemists’ directory of the elements.
• Compounds are comprised of two or more elements.
• Molecules are the smallest units of compounds.

By contrast, a molecule of the

blood protein gamma globulin
is made up of 19,996 atoms,
but they are of just four types:
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
and nitrogen.

Slide 6 of 37 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Elements and compounds are called substances.

A mixture of substances can vary in compositions:

1) Homogeneous mixture or a solution. Exp: Ordinary air, Seawater, Gasoline
2) Heterogeneous mixtures. Ex: sand and water.

FIGURE 1-4
A classification scheme for matter
Slide 7 of 37 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.
 This process of In the process of
separating a solid distillation, a pure
from the liquid in which it liquid is condensed from
is suspended is called the vapor given off by a
filtration. boiling solution.

Water has dissolved the

Separation of the colored components of the
components of ink using ink, and these components
chromatography: A dark are retained in different
spot of black ink can be regions on the paper
seen just above the water according to their differing
line as water moves up tendencies to adhere to the
the paper. paper.

FIGURE 1-5
Separating Mixtures: a physical process
Slide 8 of 37 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.
 A chemical compound can be decomposed into its constituent elements
by chemical changes.

Example:
-The extraction of iron When heated, ammonium
dichromate decomposes into
from iron oxide ores the substances chromium(III)
requires a blast furnace. oxide, nitrogen, and water. This
reaction, once used in movies
-The industrial production to simulate a volcano.
of pure magnesium from
magnesium chloride
requires electricity

FIGURE 1-6
A chemical change: decomposition of ammonium dichromate
Slide 9 of 37 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.
 Matter is generally found in one of three states: solid, liquid, or gas.
In a solid,
atoms or molecules are in
close contact, sometimes in
a highly organized
arrangement called a
crystal.
In a liquid, the atoms
or molecules are usually
separated by somewhat
greater distances than in a
solid. Also, the ability to
flow, covering the bottom
and assuming the shape of
its container.
In a gas, distances
between atoms or
molecules are
much greater.
Figure 1-7
Macroscopic and microscopic views of matter
Slide 10 of 37 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.
 Matter is generally found in one of three states: solid, liquid, or gas.
The picture shows a block of ice
on a heated surface and the
three states of water. The
circular insets show how
chemists conceive of these
states microscopically, in terms
of molecules with two hydrogen
atoms joined to one of oxygen.
In ice (a), the molecules are
arranged in a regular pattern in
a rigid framework. In liquid water
(b), the molecules are rather
closely packed but move
freely. In gaseous water (c),
the molecules are widely
separated.

Figure 1-7
Macroscopic and microscopic views of matter
Slide 11 of 37 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.
 1-4 The Measurement of Matter

Slide 12 of 37 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

General Chemistry: Chapter 1
Slide 13 of 37 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.
 Mass

Mass is the quantity of

matter in an object.
Weight is the force of
gravity on an object

Wam W=g×m

Gravity (g) Fixed mass of an object

Slide 14 of 37 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Temperature

Two commonly used fixed points are the temperature at which ice melts
and the temperature at which water boils, both at standard atmospheric
pressure.

On the Celsius scale, the melting point of ice is 0 ℃, the boiling point of water is 100 ℃, and the interval
between is divided into 100 equal parts called Celsius degrees.
On the Fahrenheit temperature scale, the melting point of ice is 32 ℉, the boiling point of water is 212 ℉, and
the interval between is divided into 180 equal parts called Fahrenheit degrees.

Slide 15 of 37 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Volume
The largest volume, shown in
part, is the SI standard of 1
cubic meter (m3). A cube with a
length of 10 cm (1 dm) on edge
(in blue) has a volume of 1000
cm3 (1 dm3) and is called 1 liter
(1 L). The smallest cube is 1 cm
on edge (red) and has a volume
of 1 cm3 = 1 mL.

Slide 16 of 37 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

 SI and non-SI Units Compared
1 Imperial qt
1.136 L
1 US qt
1L
0.936 L

1 kg 1 lb
1 in 1 cm

The United States is one of the few countries where most units used in everyday
life are still non-SI. Masses are given in pounds, room dimensions in feet, and so on.

In this book, we will not routinely use these non-SI units, but we will occasionally
introduce them in examples and end-of-chapter exercises.

Slide 17 of 37 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

SI Units Non-SI Units
Length meter, m Length Angstrom, Å, 10-8 cm
Mass Kilogram, kg Volume Liter, L, 10-3 m3
Time second, s Energy Calorie, cal, 4.184 J
Temperature Kelvin, K Pressure
Quantity Mole, 6.022×1023 mol-1 1 Atm = 1.064 × 102 kPa
1 Atm = 760 mm Hg

Derived Units
Force Newton, kg m s-2
Pressure Pascal, kg m-1 s-2
Energy Joule, kg m2 s-2

Slide 18 of 37 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

 1-5 Density and Percent Composition
Density is the ratio of mass to volume.

d = m/V
m = Vx d V = m/d
g/mL
Mass and volume are extensive properties
Density is an intensive property

Density is a function of temperature because volume varies with temperature,

whereas mass remains constant.

Slide 19 of 37 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Density in Conversion Pathways
What is the mass of a cube of osmium that is 1.25
inches on each side?
For example, a cube of osmium 1.000 cm on edge weighs 22.59 g.
The density of osmium (the densest of the elements) is 22.59 g/cm3.

Slide 20 of 37 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Example: Calculate the volume of 65.0 g of
liquid methanol if its density is 0.791 g/mL.

Example: What is the mass (in grams) of a

cube of gold (d = 19.32 g/cm3) if the length of
the cube is 2.00 cm?

Slide 21 of 37 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

 FIGURE 1-10
Measuring Volume of an Irregular Object

Slide 22 of 37 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

 1-6 Uncertainties in Scientific Measurements

Precision: refers to the degree of reproducibility of a measured quantity that is,

the closeness of agreement when the same quantity is measured several times.

Accuracy: how close to the real value.

Slide 23 of 37 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

 1-6 Uncertainties in Scientific Measurements

Two kinds of numbers are encountered in scientific

work:
• Exact numbers: whose values are known exactly (for
example, 1 m is exactly 100 cm, 1 kg is exactly 1000
g, number of people in a classroom, number of days in
a week, etc.)
• Inexact numbers: whose values have some uncertainty

Numbers obtained by measurements are ALWAYS

inexact.

Slide 24 of 37 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

 1-6 Uncertainties in Scientific Measurements

Systematic errors: measuring instruments have built-in, or inherent, errors.

Ex: a kitchen scale might consistently yield results that are 25 g above or a
thermometer a reading that is 2 lower

Random errors: Limitations in an experimenter’s skill or ability to read a

scientific instrument also lead to errors and give results that may be either too
high or too low

Precision: refers to the degree of reproducibility of a measured quantity that is,

the closeness of agreement when the same quantity is measured several times.

Accuracy: how close to the real value.

Slide 25 of 37 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Precision and Accuracy

Slide 26 of 37 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

https://wp.stolaf.edu/it/gis-precision-accuracy/
 Precision

Reproducibility 0.1 g 0.0001 g

Precision low high

Slide 27 of 37 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

 1-7 Significant Figures
All digits of a measured quantity including the uncertain one
are called significant figures.

Total number of digits in a measurement is the number of

significant figures.
The greater number of figures,
the greater certainty in
measurement.

Last digit of a measured

quantity is always uncertain
3 significant 6 significant
figures figures
Slide 28 of 37 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.
 Rules for the determination of number of significant
figures
1. All non-zero digits are significant.

2. Zeros between non-zero digits are ALWAYS

significant.
Ex: 1005 kg  4 significant figures

3. Zeros at the beginning of a number are NEVER

significant
Ex: 0.002 m  1 significant figure
0.00661 g  3 significant figures
Slide 29 of 37 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.
 Rules for the determination of number of significant
figures
4. Zeros at the end of a number are significant IF the number
contains a decimal point.
Ex: 0.1  1 significant figure
0.100  3 significant figures

5. When the number ends with zeros but contains no decimal point,
it is assumed that zeros are not significant. Therefore exponential
notation should be used to indicate whether end zeros are
significant
Ex: 10300  can have 3, 4, or 5 significant figures
1.03 x 104  3 significant figures
1.030 x 104  4 significant figures
1.0300 x 104  5 significant figures
Slide 30 of 37 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.
 Example: How many significant figures are
there in:
4.003  4 significant figures
6.023 x 1023  4 significant figures
5 x103  1 significant figure
5.0 x103  2 significant figures
5.50 x103  3 significant figures

Slide 31 of 37 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

 1-7 Significant Figures

Figure 1-11
Determining the number of significant figures in a quantity

Slide 32 of 37 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Significant Figuresin Numerical Calculation

Volume of a rectangular prism

14.79 cm
12.11 cm 5.05 cm

V = 14.79 cm x 12.11 cm x 5.05 cm

Slide 33 of 37 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Significant Figuresin Numerical Calculation
The calculators show the effect of the change in a low precision
number in a calculation V = 14.79 × 12.11 × N
N= 5.04 5.05 5.06

Slide 34 of 37 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Rules for Significant Figuresin Numerical Calculation

1. In carrying out a multiplication or division

the answer cannot have more significant
figures than either of the original numbers.
3 significant figures Answer must have 3 significant figures
123
Ex: =23.8
if < 5 do nothing
if ≥ 5 round up the last digit of the answer
4 significant figures

Slide 35 of 37 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Rules for Significant Figuresin Numerical Calculation

3 significant figures 2 significant figures Answer must have

2 significant figures
12
Ex:
< 5 do nothing
3 significant figures

OR

Slide 36 of 37 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Rules for Significant Figuresin Numerical Calculation

2. In carrying out an addition or subtraction,

the answer cannot have more digits to the
right of the decimal point than either of the
original numbers.

Ex: 3.18 2 digits past the decimal point

+ 0.01315 5 digits past the decimal point
3.19315 Answer must have 2 digits past the decimal
12 point
if < 5 do nothing
if ≥ 5 round up the last digit of the answer
3.19
Slide 37 of 37 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.