General Chemistry

Principles and Modern Applications

Petrucci • Harwood • Herring
8th Edition

KIM 101EL : General Chemistry I

Emrah ŞIK
ITU – 2023-2024
emrahs@itu.edu.tr

Slide 1 of 19 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Prentice-Hall © 2002

 PROGRAM-SYLLABUS
http://www.kimya.itu.edu.tr/TR/egitim/kim101-101e.html

Text Book: General Chemistry, Principles & Modern

Applications, R. H. Petrucci, W.S. Harwood,
Herring, Prentice Hall International, Inc., 2002, 8th Ed.
Supplementary Books: All General Chemistry Text Books
Midterm : (Topics: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9,10,11)
Final exam : All topics
Midterm I 25% and Midterm II 25%, Final exam 50%

•Students must attend the section for which they are registered.
•A minimum of 70% attendance is required.
•Periodic attendance checks will be taken in class. A student who is
absent for 5 lectures gets VF.
Slide 2 of 19 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Prentice-Hall © 2002
 TOPICS
Matter‐Its Properties and measurement (1),
Atoms and The Atomic Theory (2),
Electrons in Atoms (9),
The Periodic Table and Some Atomic Properties (10 ‐1) Midterm I
The Periodic Table and Some Atomic Properties (10 ‐2)
Chemical Compounds (3) , %25
Chemical Reactions (4)
Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions (5),
Gases (6),
Thermochemistry (7),
Chemical Bonding I (11),
Midterm II
Chemical Bonding II (12);
Liquids, Solids and Intermolecular Forces (13‐1)
%25
Liquids, Solids and Intermolecular Forces (13‐2),
Solutions and Their Physical Properties (14),
Chemical Equilibrium (16); Acids and Bases (17)

Slide 3 of 19 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Prentice-Hall © 2002

 General Chemistry
Principles and Modern Applications
Petrucci • Harwood • Herring
8th Edition

Chapter 1: Matter—Its Properties and

Measurement

Philip Dutton
University of Windsor, Canada

Prentice-Hall © 2002

Slide 4 of 19 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Prentice-Hall © 2002

 Properties of Matter

tter: Occupies space, has mass and inertia

mposition: Parts or components

ex. H2O, 11.9% H and 88.81% O

perties: Distinguishing features

physical and chemical properties
• Mass: the amount of matter in an object.
• Weight, is the force of gravity on an object. W=mxg

Although the weight of the object changes from one place to another, its mass
is the same everywhere.

Slide 5 of 19 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Prentice-Hall © 2002

 States of Matter
Matter generally exists in one of three states:
solid, liquid, and gas.

In a solid, atoms or molecules are in close

contact. Sometimes they have a very ordered
structure known as crystals.

Atoms or molecules in a liquid are more

distance than in a solid. Liquids are fluid.

In a gas, the distance between atoms

or molecules is much greater than in a
liquid. Gases expand to fill their
container.

Slide 6 of 19 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Prentice-Hall © 2002

 1_15
Classification of Matter
Matter
(materials)

Physical processes
Substances Mixtures

Chemical Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
Elements Compounds mixtures
reactions mixtures
(solutions)

Slide 7 of 19 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Prentice-Hall © 2002

 Separations
aerosol
deodorant,
fog,
spray

Suspension mix
ayran,
turkish coffee

emulsion mix.
butter, margarine,
milk, cream
Slide 8 of 19 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Prentice-Hall © 2002
 Separating Mixtures
Chromatography
Chromatography Separation
Separationof
of
Substances to
heterogeneous
heterogeneousmixtures
mixtures
be separated
dissolved in liquid

Pure
liquid

A B C

Slide 9 of 19 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Prentice-Hall © 2002

 Significant Figures
Count from left from
Adding and subtracting.
first non-zero digit.

Number Significant Use the number of decimal

Figures places in the number with the
6.29 g 3 fewest decimal places.
0.00348 g 3
1.14
9.0 2 0.6
1.0  10-8 2 11.676  11.7
100 eggs infinit
13.416  13.4
100 g ebad
 = 3.14159 notation
various

Slide 10 of 19 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Prentice-Hall © 2002

 Significant figures

Multiplying and dividing. Rounding Off

Use the fewest significant 3rd digit is increased if

figures. 4th digit  5

Report to 3 significant.figures.
0.01208  0.236
10.235  10.2
= 0.512 12.4590  12.5
19.75  19.8
= 5.12  10-3 15.651  15.7
Slide 11 of 19 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Prentice-Hall © 2002
 Units
S.I. Units Other Common Units
Length metre, m Length Angstrom, Å, 10-8 cm
Mass Kilogram, kg Volume Litre, L, 10-3 m3
Time second, s Energy Calorie, cal, 4.184 J
Temperature Kelvin, K Pressure
Quantity Mole, 6.022×1023 mol-1 1 Atm = 1.064 x 102 kPa
1 Atm = 760 mm Hg
Derived Quantities
Force Newton, kg m s-2
Pressure Pascal, kg m-1 s-2
Eenergy Joule, kg m2 s-2

Slide 12 of 19 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Prentice-Hall © 2002

Slide 13 of 19 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Prentice-Hall © 2002
 Temperature

Slide 14 of 19 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Prentice-Hall © 2002

 Temperature
T (K) = T(ºC) + 273

Slide 15 of 19 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Prentice-Hall © 2002

 Temperature
T (ºC) = [T(ºF) - 32]/ 1,8

Slide 16 of 19 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Prentice-Hall © 2002

 Example of Temperature

A special ship machinery engine cooler has

antifreeze protection up to -22 °C. Could this
cooler protect at temperatures as low as -15 °F ?

T (ºC) = [T(ºF) - 32]/ 1,8

T (ºC) = [-15 - 32]/ 1,8
T (ºC) = -26

Slide 17 of 19 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Prentice-Hall © 2002

 Volume

Slide 18 of 19 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Prentice-Hall © 2002

 Density

= m/V
m=VV=m/
g/mL
Mass and volume are extensive properties
Density is an intensive property
Slide 19 of 19 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Prentice-Hall © 2002
 Density
It is desired to obtain 75 g sodium chloride (table salt) by
evaporating some sea water containing 3.5% sodium chloride by
mass to dryness. How many liters of sea water should be taken
for this purpose? (Assume the density of seawater is 1.03 g/mL.)

Slide 20 of 19 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Prentice-Hall © 2002

 Conversion
What is the mass of a cube of osmium that is 1.25
inches on each side?

Have volume, need density = 22.48g/cm3

Slide 21 of 19 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Prentice-Hall © 2002

 The Solid State >>Number of Atoms in a Unit Cell

the cubic lattice (ccp) face-centered cubic structure body-centred cubic lattice

a. edge length of the unit cell

NA: avagadro number
m: Mass of single atom
Z: the number of atoms in the unit cell
Slide 22 of 19 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Prentice-Hall © 2002
 Example
An unknown metal is found to have a specific gravity
of 10.2 at 25 °C. It is found to crystallize in a body-centred
cubic lattice with a unit cell edge length of 3.147 °
A. Calculate the atomic weight.

Specific gravity of metal =10.2 at 25 ° C

Density, dmetal​=10.2 g/cm3
Body centred structure with a=3.147 ° A
Rank of BCC=2

Metal = 95.7 grams

Slide 23 of 19 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Prentice-Hall © 2002
 Example
An element with molar mass 27g/mol forms a cubic unit cell
with edge length 4.05×10 -8 cm. If its density is 2.7gcm3, what
is the nature of the cubic unit cell?

Molar mass of the given element, M=27gmol−1=0.027kg/mol

Edge length, a=4.05×10−8cm=4.05×10−10m
Density, d=2.7gcm−3=2.7×10−3kgm3
We know that
Where, Z is the number of atoms in the unit cell and NA​is the
Avogadro number.
Thus,

(NA​=6.022×1023) Z=4orz≈4(fcc)
Slide 24 of 19 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Prentice-Hall © 2002
 Silver crystallises in face-centred cubic lattice. If edge length
of the unit cell is 4.07×10-8 cm and density of silver
is 10.48gcm3, determine the relative atomic mass of silver.

For fcc lattice , 2=4

m: 106.5 grams
Relative atomic mass of silver =106.5 grams.

Slide 25 of 19 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Prentice-Hall © 2002

 Final Question
An unknown metal crystallizes in a face-centered cubic structure,
and its density is 21,5 g/cm3. The edge of the unit cell 3.92 °A.
Calculate the atomic mass of unkown metal.
(195 g/mol)

A) 194.86 g/mol B)26.98 g/mol C)83.80 g/mol D) 106.42 g/mol E) 63.55 g/mol

https://www.toppr.com/ask/question/na-crystallizes-in-the-
cubic-lattice-ccp-and-the-edge-length-of-the-unit-cell/

Slide 26 of 19 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Prentice-Hall © 2002

 Wrong units

The Gimli Glider, Q86, p30

Slide 27 of 19 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Prentice-Hall © 2002

 Uncertainties

• Systematic errors.
– Thermometer constantly 2°C too low.
• Random errors
– Limitation in reading a scale.
• Precision
– Reproducibility of a measurement.
• Accuracy
– How close to the real value.

Slide 28 of 19 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Prentice-Hall © 2002

 End of Chapter Questions

1, 3, 5, 12, 14, 17,

18, 20, 30, 41, 49,
50, 61, 72, 74, 79

Slide 29 of 19 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Prentice-Hall © 2002