1B Chemistry Note

Topic 1: Stoichiometric relationships

Content to be learnt in Topic 1

1. Classify atom, ion, molecule, mixture, element, compound
2. Mole conversion between molarity, mass, volume
mass (g)
Mole (mol) =
molar mass (g moI-1)
number of mole of solute (mol)
Molarity (mol dm丐＝
volume of solution (dm勺
Volume (dm勺
Mole=
Molar volume (dm 3 mol-1)
pV = nRT
3. Percentage by mass, percentage yield and percentage purity
actual yield
percentage yield= · x 100%
theoretical yie·
mass of substances in impure sample
X 100%
mass of impure sample

Question style in Topic 1

l. Find amount of atom, ion, molecule by using Avogadro constant
2. Find empirical formula from percentage by mass or combustion data
3. Find molecular formula from molecular mass
4. Use ideal gas law to predict the effect on certain change of condition
a. numerical
b. graphical
5. Finding limiting reagent and predict the theoretical yield
6. Writing chemical equation and deduce the stoichiometric coefficient

Page 1 of 42
 1B Chemistry Note

Topic 1.1 Introduction to the particulate nature of matter and chemical change
A. Element

Definition: Elements are substances that cannot be separated into simpler substances.

Note that an element:

► consists of only one kind of基醞

► cannot be broken down into a simpler type of matter by either physical or chemical means, and
► can exist as either atoms (e.g. argon) or molecules (e.g., nitrogen).

A molecule consists of two or more atoms of the same element, or different elements, which are
chemically bound together.

Example 1: Element existing Example 2: Element existing in

in the form of atoms the form of diatomic molecules

Page 2 of 42
1B Chemistry Note

B. Compounds

Definition: A compound is a pure substance formed when two or more elements are
chemically joined. Water, salt, and sugar are examples of compounds.

Note that a compound:

• consists of atoms of two or more different elements bound together,

• can be broken down into a simpler type of matter (elements) by chemical means (but not
by physical means),
• has properties that are different from its component elements, and
• always contains the same ratio of its component atoms.

Example 1: Compound whose molecules consist of one atom of

one element chemically joined with two atoms of another
element.

C. Mixtures

Definition: Mixtures are two or more substances that are mixed together but not chemically
joined.

A good example of a mixture is a salad. There are tomatoes, lettuce, cucumbers, and salad
dressing all mixed together. No chemical reactions occur between the vegetables and the
dressing. You can separate each of the vegetables from each other. An alloy, such as brass, is a
mixture of a metal with other elements

Note that a mixture:

• consists of two or more different elements and/or compounds physically intermingled,

• can be separated into its components by physical means, and
• often retains many of the properties of its components.

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1B Chemistry Note
Example 1: Mixture of two
elements, both of which exist as
atoms rather than molecules
Example 3: Mixture of two
elements, both of which exist as
molecules rather than atoms
Comparison of mixtures and pure compounds
When a mixture forms ...
The substances are simply mixed
together; no reaction takes place
The composition of the mixture can
be varied
The properties of the substances
present remain the呈啤
The substances in the mixture can be
separated by physical methods such
as filtration, distillation or magnetic
attraction
Example 2: Mixture of two
elements, one of which exists as
atoms, the other as molecules.
Example 4: Mixture of an
element (that exists in the form
of molecules) and a compound
When a compound forms...
The substances chemically react
together to form a new compound
The composition of the new compound
is always the翠�
The properties of the new compound
are very different from those of the
elements in it
The compound cannot easily be
separated into its elements
Page 4 of 42
1B Chemistry Note

D. Ions

Definition: The species formed from atom loses or gains electrons after reaction to attain a
stable structure

Purity Pure substance Impure substance

Classification Element Compound Mixture
Particle Atom Molecule Molecule Ion Atom molecule Ion
involved
Example Helium Oxygen Water Salt Mixture Mixture Mixture of
gas gas molecule (Sodium of argon of water sodium
Chloride) and and chloride and
helium oxygen magnesium
chloride

Worked Example:
State the type of particle exist in the following substances
1. Pure Iron metal (Fe) 2. Pure ammonia gas (NH3)

3. Pure nitrogen gas (N2) 4. Air

5. Pure lead (II) bromide (PbBr2) 6. Sea water

7. Distilled water 8. Pure neon gas (Ne)

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1B Chemistry Note

9. Crude oil 10. Pure methane (CH4)

11. Aqueous ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SQ4 12. Molten sodium chloride

Worked Example:

Element Compound

Molecule

Put these different matters into its category.

Hydrogen gas (H2), Table salt (NaCl), Carbon dioxide (CO2), Ozone (03), Copper metal (Cu),
Water低O), Iron metal (Fe), Oxygen (O), Oxygen in air (02), Chalk (CaC03), Iron rust
(Fe203•H20), Neon gas (Ne), Helium gas (He)

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1B Chemistry Note

E. Balancing equation
Physical changes:
► In a physical change, the substances present remain chemically the same; 血new
substances are formed.
► Physical changes are often旦苹to reverse. Any mixtures produced are usually easy to
spate.

Chemical changes:
► The major feature of a chemical change, or reaction, is that且'EY1... substance(s) are made
during the reaction
► Many reactions, but not all of them, are difficult to reverse.
► During a chemical reaction energy can be given out or taken in:
1. When energy is given out, the reaction is exothermic
2. When energy is taken in, the reaction is endothermic.
► There are many more exothermic reactions than endothermic reactions

Worked Example:
1. State whether the following changes are physical or chemical.
a. The melting of ice 面沄云
b. The burning of magnesium Chemical
c. The sublimation of solid carbon dioxide Physical
d. The dissolving of sugar in water Chemical

; �三三三三三:;:=:�三二二 三三
2. State whether the following changes are exothermic or endothermic.
a. The condensation of steam to water Exothermic

ic acid to water

3. What is the most important thing that shows us a chemical reaction has taken place?

A: New substances are made after the change

Page 7 of 42
1B Chemistry Note

Word equations
The simply way to descript the chemical reactions is in the form of a word equation. This type of
equation links together the names of the substance that react (the reactions) with those of the
new substances formed (the products). The word equation for burning magnesium in oxygen
would be:
magnesium+ oxygen➔ mgansium oxide

Reactants Product

The reaction between hydrogen and oxygen is another highly exothermic reaction. The word
equation for this reaction is :
hydrogen+ oxygen➔ water

Reactants Product

This type of equation gives us some information. But equations can be even more useful if we
write them using chemical formulae.

Balanced symbol equations

For investigations of a large number of different chemical reactions, a very important point about
all reactions has been discovered. It is summed up in a law, known as the law of the conservation
of mass:

The total mass of all the products of a chemical reaction is equal to the total mass of the reactants.

A balance equation gives us more information about a reaction than we can get from a simple
word equation. Below is a step-by-step approach to working out the balanced equation for a
reaction.

Example 1: magnesium burns in air(oxygen) to form magnesium oxide

Step 1: Make sure you know what the reactants and products are. Reactants are magnesium and
air(oxygen) and product is magnesium oxide.
Step 2: From this you can write out the word equation:
magnesium+ oxygen➔ mgansium oxide

Step 3: Write out the equation using the formulae of the elements and compounds:
Mg+0 2 �MgO

Step 4: Balance the equation:

Mg+0 2 ➔ 2 MgO
After addition of 2 on MgO, the Mg becomes 2 on the right. Therefore,2 should be add on the
left.
2 Mg+0 2 ➔ 2 MgO
Finally check everything again to make sure all the atoms on the left and right balanced.
1B Chemistry Note

Topic 1.2 Mole Concept

A. Counting number
Avogadros constant is the number of carbon atoms in exactly 12.00000g of the carbon-12 isotope.
It is equal to 6.02x 10 23 mol士

One mole of a substance is the amount of that substance that contains 6.02x 10 23 particles of that
substance. This means that one mole of a substance is its relative atomic or molecular mass
expressed in grams.

Worked Example:
22
1. What amount of oxygen, 02, (in moles) contains 1.8x10 molecules?
A. 0.0030
B. 0.030
C. 0.30
D. 3.0
{Total 1 mark)
Exam technique:

－
Relate number of molecule to number of mole

Amount of Number of
substances mole

Avogadro constant

1.8 X 1022
n(0 2 ) = = 0.03 mol
6.02 X 102 3

2. How many hydrogen atoms are contained in one mole of ethanol, C2 H50H?
A. 5
B. 6
C. 1.0xlO23
D. 3.6xl024
{Total 1 mark)
Exam technique:

－
Think about the nature of particle in ethanol, 1 ethanol will consist of 6 hydrogen atom,
therefore 1 mole ethanol will consist of 6 mole hydrogen atom

Amount of Number of
substances mole
Avogadro constant

Number of hydrogen atom= 1 mole x 6.02 x 1023 x 6 = 3. 6 x 10 24 atoms

Page 9 of 42
1B Chemistry Note

Exercise 1 (Multiple Choice Questions)

1. How many oxygen atoms are present in 0.0500 mol carbon dioxide?
22
A. 3.0lxlO
22
B. 6.02x10
C. 6.02x1023
24
D. 1.20x10
{Total 1 mark)
2. Which sample has the least number of atoms?
A. 1 mol of H2S0 4
B. 1 mol of CH 3COOH
C. 2 mol of历02
D. 2 mol of NH3
{Total 1 mark)
3. Avogadro's constant has the same value as the number of
A. molecules in 1 mo丨of solid iodine.
B. atoms in 1 mol of chlorine gas.
C. ions in 1 mol of solid potassium bromide.
D. protons in 1 mol of helium gas.
(Total 1 mark)
4. Which contains the same number of ions as the value of Avogadro's constant?
A. 0.5 mol NaCl
B. 0.5 mol MgCl2
C. 1.0 mol Na20
D. 1.0 mol MgO
(Total 1 mark)
5. What is the total number of ions present in the formula, Al 2 (SO山？
A. 2
B. 3
C. 5
D. 6
(Total 1 mark)
6. What is the total number of atoms in 0.20 mol of propanone, CH 3 COCH3 ?
22
A. 1.2x10
23
B. 6.0xlO
24
C. 1.2x10
24
D. 6.0xlO
(Total 1 mark)

Page 10 of 42
1B Chemistry Note

B. Mass mole relationship

The molar mass of a substance is the mass (in grams) of one mole.

Amount of substance is the number of moles of that substance.

The empirical formula is the simplest whole number ratio of the elements in the compound.

The relationship between mass and mole can be represented by the following equation
mass (g)
Mole (mol) =
molar mass (g moI-1)
Question type 1 finding mole from mass
Worked example
1. What amount (in moles) is present in 2.0 g of sodium hydroxide, NaOH?
A. 0.050
B. 0.10
C. 20
D. 80
{Total 1 mark)
Exam technique:
mass
Mole=
molar mass
2.0
n(NaOH) = _ _ _ _ _ = 0. OSOmol

Question type 2 finding empirical formula from percentage by mass

2. A hydrocarbon contains 90% by mass of carbon. What is its empirical formula?
A. CH 2
B. C3H4
C. C7H10
D. C9H10
(Total 1 mark)
Exam technique:
1. Let the whole compound be 100g, Find the mass of each element first. Mass of carbon will
be 90 g and the mass remain will be the mass of hydrogen which is 10 g
2. Set up a table as shown below
Carbon Hydrogen
Mass 90 g 10g
Mole 90 10
= 7. 5 mol — = 10 mol
12 1
Mole ratio 3 4
3. Empirical formula will be C3H4

Page 11 of 42
1B Chemistry Note

Question type 3 finding empirical formula from combustion data

3. (i ) Crocetin consists of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Determine the
empirical formula of crocetin, if 1.00 g of crocetin forms 2.68 g of carbon dioxide
and 0.657 g of water when it undergoes complete combustion.
Exam technique:
1. Find the mass of each element first.
Complete combustion means the organic compound react with sufficient oxygen to produce
carbon dioxide and water only.
We can assumed that all carbon in the unknown compound reacts to form carbon dioxide (mass
of carbon in carbon dioxide= mass of carbon in unknown compound)
12
Mass of carbon= 2.68 x—
44
= 0.731 g

Same assumption can be used for hydrogen forming water

1X2
Mass of hydrogen= 0.657 x-18
1
= 0.073 g (Note 1 water molecule got 2 hydrogen atom.)

Mass of oxygen in unknown compound will be 1.00 - 0.073 - 0.731 = 0.196g

2. Set up a table as shown below
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
Mass 0.731 g 0.073 g 0.196 g
Mole 0. 731 0.073 0. 196
12 1 16
= 0.0609 mol = 0. 073 mol = 0.01225 mol
Mole ratio 5 6 1
3. Empirical formula will be CsHGO

Question type 4 from empirical formula to molecular formula

(ii ) Determine the molecular formula of crocetin given that 0.300 mole of crocetin
has a mass of 98.5 g

Exam technique:
Empirical formula in the example above is Cs比0
We need molecular mass to find the molecular formula
mass
According to Mole = molar mass

98.5
= 328.3gmol
一1

0.300
We may let the molecular formula be Csn枷On while n is an positive integer
12 x Sn + 1 x 6n + 16n = 328.3
n=4
Therefore, molecular formula will be C20H2404

Page 12 of 42
1B Chemistry Note

Exercise 2 (Multiple Choice Question)

1. Which compound has the empirical formula with the greatest mass?
A. C2 H5
B. C4H10
C. 烏H10
D. C5H5
(Total 1 mark)
2. The percentage by mass of the elements in a compound is
C= 72%, H= 12%, 0= 16%.
What is the mole ratio of C:H in the empirical formula of this compound?
A. 1:1
B. 1:2
C. 1:6
D. 6:1
(Total 1 mark)
3. Which of the following contains the greatest number of molecules?
A. 1 g of C用Cl
B. 1 g of CH 2Cl2
C. 1 g of CHCl3
D. 1 g of CCl4
(Total 1 mark)
4. Which of the following compounds has/have the empirical formula C历O?
I. CH3COOH
II. CG扣06
Ill. C12囧On
A. II only
B. Ill only
C. I and II only
D. II and Ill only
(Total 1 mark)
5. Which is a correct definition of the term empirical formula?
A. formula showing the numbers of atoms present in a compound
B. formula showing the numbers of elements present in a compound
C. formula showing the actual numbers of atoms of each element in a compound
D. formula showing the simplest ratio of numbers of atoms of each element in a
compound
{Total 1 mark)

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1B Chemistry Note

6. The empirical formula of a compound is C凸0. Which molecular formulas are possible
for this compound?
I. CH3COOH
II. CH3C历CH2 COOH
Ill. CH3COOCH2 CH3
A. I and II only
B. I and Ill only
C. II and Ill only
D. I, II and Ill
(Total 1 mark)
7. What is the empirical formula of a compound containing 50% by mass of element X (Ar
= 20) and 50% by mass of element Y (Ar = 25)?
A. xv
B. 為Y2
C. X4Ys
D. 為V4
(Total 1 mark)
8. On complete combustion, a sample of a hydrocarbon compound produces 1.5 mol of
carbon dioxide and 2.0 mol of water. What is the molecular formula of this
hydrocarbon?
A. C2 H2
B. C2 H4
C. C3H4
D. C3Hs
(Total 1 mark)

Page 14 of 42
1B Chemistry Note

Exercise 2 (Structural Question}

1. The relative molecular mass of aluminium chloride is 267 and its composition by
mass is 20.3% Al and 79.7% chlorine. Determine the empirical and molecular formulas
of aluminium chloride.

(Total 4 marks)

2. An oxide of copper was reduced in a stream of hydrogen as shown below.

三 ； 『二
ydrogen

三
:

hydrogen ►
gas

oxide of copper
in a dish
HEAT

After heating, the stream of hydrogen gas was maintained until the apparatus had
cooled.

The following results were obtained.

Mass of empty dish= 13.80 g

Mass of dish and contents before heating= 21.75 g
Mass of dish and contents after heating and leaving to cool= 20.15 g

Page 15 of 42
1B Chemistry Note

(a) Explain why the stream of hydrogen gas was maintained until the apparatus
cooled.

(1)

(b) Calculate the empirical formula of the oxide of copper using the data above,
assuming complete reduction of the oxide.

(3)

(c) Write an equation for the reaction that occurred.

(1)

(d) State two changes that would be observed inside the tube as it was heated.

(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Page 16 of 42
1B Chemistry Note

3. An organic compound A contains 62.0% by mass of carbon, 24.1 by mass of

nitrogen, the remainder being hydrogen.

(i) Determine the percentage by mass of hydrogen and the empirical formula of A.

(3)

(ii) Define the term relative molecular mass.

(2)

(iii) The relative molecular mass of A is 116. Determine the molecular formula of A.

(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Page 17 of 42
1B Chemistry Note

C. Volume mole relationship

I. Solution and molarity
Molarity or concentration is defined as number of mole of solute per dm 3 of solvent
number of mole of solute (mol)
Molarity (mol dm丐＝
volume of solution (dm勺
For dilution, number of mole of solute remain constant and so that,
c 1 V1 = Cz叱= mole

Question type 1: Asking molarity, volume and mole relationship

3 3
1. What volume (in dm ) of 0.30 mol dm- NaCl solution can be prepared from 0.060 mol
of solute?
A. 0.018
B. 0.20
C. 0.50
D. 5.0
{Total 1 mark)
Exam technique:
By using the relationship,
number of mole of solute (mol)
Molarity (mol dm丐＝
volume of solution (dm勺
0.060
0.30 =
V
V = 0.2 dm3
Notice about the unit that the question is asking, only volume in dm- 3 can be substituted into this
equation!

+
2. Which solution contains the smallest amount of H ions?
3
A. 10.0 cm of 0.250 mol dm-3 HCI
3
B. 20.0 cm of 0.250 mol dm-3 HCI
3 3
C. 10.0 cm of 0.500 mol dm- HCI
一3
D. 10.0 c記of 0.250 mol dm 出S04
{Total 1 mark)
Exam technique:
By using the relationship, number of mole of MOLECULES can be found
number of mole of solute (mol)
Molarity (mol dm丐＝
volume of solution (dm勺
1 mole HCI can dissociate 1 mole W, while 1 mole圧S04 can dissociate 2 mole W
Choice A HCI can only dissociate 1 W per molecule, it has smallest volume and molarity at the
same time
10
Th erefore it has smallest number of mole of W: —x 0.250 x 1
1000
= 2.5 x 10 - 3 mol

Page 18 of 42
1B Chemistry Note

Exercise 3 (Multiple Choice Question)

3
1. What amount of NaCl (in moles) is required to prepare 250 cm of a 0.200 mol dm-3
solution?
A. 50.0
B. 1.25
C. 0.800
D. 0.0500
{Total 1 mark)
2. Which solution contains the greatest amount (in mol) of solute?
3 一3
A. 10.0 cm of 0.500 mol dm NaCl
3 3
B. 20.0 cm of 0.400 mol dm- NaCl
3 一3
C. 30.0 cm of 0.300 mol dm NaCl
3 3
D. 40.0 cm of 0.200 mol dm- NaCl
{Total 1 mark)
3. Which aqueous solution contains the most hydrogen ions?
3
A. 20 cm 3 of 2 mol dm- sulfuric acid
3 3
B. 10 cm of 4 mol dm- nitric acid
3 3
C. 80 cm of 0.5 mol dm- hydrochloric acid
3 3
D. 40 cm of 0.5 mol dm- sulfuric acid
{Total 1 mark)
4. Which solution contains 0.1 mol of sodium hydroxide?
3 3
A. 1 cm of 0.1 mol dm- NaOH
3 一3
B. 10 cm of 0.1 mol dm NaOH
3 3
C. 100 cm of 1.0 mol dm- NaOH
一3
D. 1000 cm 3 of 1.0 mol dm NaOH
{Total 1 mark)
5. A 4 g sample of sodium hydroxide, NaOH, is dissolved in water and made up to 500
3
cm of aqueous solution. What is the concentration of the resulting solution?
一3
A. 0.1 mol dm
3
B. 0.2 mol dm-
3
C. 0.5 mol dm-
3
D. 1.0 mol dm-
{Total 1 mark)

Page 19 of 42
1B Chemistry Note

II. Gas and molar volume

Molar volume is the volume of substance in 1 mole

Volume (dm勺
Mole=
Molar volume (dm 3 mol-1)
1 mole of any gas occupies the same volume at the same temperature and pressure
► Such that volume ratio = mole ratio

Molar volume of gas under STP conditions is 22.7 dm 3 mo1-1

Ideal gas law describe the relationship between volume, pressure and temperature of gas
pV = nRT
p is pressure in kPa
Vis volume in dm3
n is number of mole of gas
R is universal gas constant 8.31 JK-1mo1-1
T is temperature in K

Question type 1: Relationship between different parameter in ideal gas law

1. What will happen to the volume of a fixed mass of gas when its pressure and
temperature (in Kelvin) are both doubled?
A. It will not change.
B. It will increase.
C. It will decrease.
D. The change cannot be predicted.
(Total 1 mark)
Exam technique:
1. Rearrange the equation pV = nRT, with constant on 1 side
2. fixed mass means number of mole fixed
P nR
一＝
T V
3. Pressure and temperature double will cancel out the effect on volume

Page 20 of 42
1B Chemistry Note

Exercise 4 (Multiple Choice Question)

1. Which change in conditions would increase the volume of a fixed mass of gas?
Pressure /kPa Temperature /K
A Doubled Doubled
B· Halved Halved
C Doubled Halved
D Halved Doubled
{Total 1 mark)
2. For which set of conditions does a fixed mass of an ideal gas have the greatest
volume?
Temperature Pressure
A. low low
.B low high
.C high high
D. high low
{Total 1 mark)
3. Under what conditions would one mole of methane gas, CH4, occupy the smallest
volume?
A. 273 Kand 1.0lx105 Pa
5
B. 273 Kand 2.02x10 Pa
5
.C 546 Kand 1.0lx10 Pa
5
D. 546 Kand 2.02x10 Pa
{Total 1 mark)

3
4. The temperature in Kelvin of 2.0 dm of an ideal gas is doubled and its pressure is
increased by a factor of four. What is the final volume of the gas?
A. 1.0 dm 3
B. 2.0 dm 3
C. 3.0 dm 3
D. 4.0 dm 3
(Total 1 mark)
5. A fixed mass of an ideal gas has a volume of 800 cm 3 under certain conditions. The
pressure (in kPa ) and temperature (in K) are both doubled. What is the volume of the
gas after these changes with other conditions remaining the same?
A. 200 cm3
B. 800 cm 3
3
C. 1600 cm
D. 3200 cm 3
(Total 1 mark)

Page 21 of 42
1B Chemistry Note

6. A cylinder of gas is at a pressure of 40 kPa. The volume and temperature (in K) are
both doubled. What is the pressure of the gas after these changes?
A. 10 kPa
B. 20 kPa
C. 40 kPa
D. 80 kPa
(Total 1 mark)
3
7. The temperature in Kelvin of 1.0 dm of an ideal gas is doubled and its pressure is
3
tripled. What is the final volume of the gas in dm ?
1
A.
3

2
B.
3

3
C.

1
D.

{Total 1 mark)

Page 22 of 42
 1B Chemistry Note

Topic 1.3 Reacting masses and volumes

Summary about the equation about calculation of mole

For Aas only Any substances

Volume(dm勺 mass (g)
mole= mole=
molar volume molar mass
(molar volume M,: Molar mass (g mo1·1) is sum of the atomic mass
3
= 24 dm at RTP) number of the all elements in the substance in g.

Given mass, find mole:

m (g) + M, (g mo1·1)

Given mole, find mass:

For any substances n (mol) x M r (g mo1-1)
mole

NO. of particles
＝
Avogadro constant
Mole (n)
`、 For dilution solution only

C 1 V1 = C 2 V2 = mole

For gas only

Ideal gas equation

For Solution only
PV=nRT
Cone. (C)= Mole of solute (n)
Volume of solution (V)
Unit of
P: Pa(Pascals)
One of the units of concentration is mol
V:m3
dm-3
n:mol
E.g. Find the concentration of the solution
R:8.31」K-1mo1-1
when 1.0 g of sodium chloride is added to
T: K(Kelvin)
1.5 dm3 of distilled water.
[NaCl]=n(NaCI)/ vol of solution
[NaCl]= (mass/Mr)/ 1.5
[NaCl]=(1/58.5)/1.5=0.011 mol dm-3

Page 23 of 42
1B Chemistry Note

A. Limiting reagent and excess

Every chemical equation can be expressed by a chemical equation.
For example, calcium react with water for calcium hydroxide and hydrogen gas, the chemical
equation will be
Ca+ 2比0�Ca(OH) 2 + H 2
According to the stoichiometric coefficient in the equation, 1 mole of calcium will react with 2
mole of water, form 1 mole calcium hydroxide and hydrogen

If we got 1 mole of calcium and water in the reaction system, water will be recognized as limiting
reagent while calcium is in excess
。．

．
．。 .o••

．
The following diagram visualized the reaction between calcium and water

．
cal
.
IU e
c t c d
m
w c
a a y
r .

。
h n
d

d
IU ro
m e
y
r

e
H

Water in this case is the limiting reagent (i.e. number of mole of calcium determine the amount
of product produced)
1 calcium will be remained, 1 calcium hydroxide and hydrogen is produced.

Page 24 of 42
1B Chemistry Note

Worked example
3 3
1. 3.0 dm of sulfur dioxide is reacted with 2.0 dm of oxygen according to the equation
below.
2S0 2 (g) + O i (g) ➔ 2S0 (g)3
3
What volume of sulfur trioxide (in dm ) is formed? (Assume the reaction goes to
comp丨etion and all gases are measured at the same temperature and pressure.)
A. 5.0
B. 4.0
C. 3.0
D. 2.0
(Total 1 mark)
Exam technique of finding limiting regaent
If the question provide information about more than 1 reactant, you are required to find out
which one is limiting reagent
Step 1: Find the number of mole of all reactants
3 2
n(S0 2 ) =—= 0.132 mol, n(0 2 ) =—= 0.0881 mo!
22.7 22.7
Step 2: Divide number of mole of reactants by its stoichiometric coefficient for comparison
0.132
n(S02 ) = — = 0.066 lmol, n(0 2 ) = 0.0881 mol
2
Step 3: The reactant with smaller number of mole will be limiting reagent, use its value to find
the number of mole of other substances according to the stoichiometric coefficient (multiply the
stoichiometric coefficient in front of what you want to find)
= 0.0661 x 2 = 0.132 mol
n(S0 3 )
V(S03) = 0.132 x 22.7 = 3 dm
3

3
2. Assuming complete reaction, what volume of 0.200 mol dm- HCl(aq) is required to
3
neutralize 25.0 cm 3 of 0.200 mol dm- Ba(OH) i (aq)?
3
A. 12.5 cm
3
B. 25.0 cm
C. 50.0 cm
3
D. 75.0 cm
{Total 1 mark)
Exam technique
Step 1: Write chemical equation for the reaction
2HCI + Ba(OH) 2 ➔ BaCl2 + 2H2 0
Step 2: From stoichiometric coefficient, 2 mole of HCI will react with 1 mol Ba(OHh
Stpe 3: Find number of mole of different reactant (Note: the term complete reaction mean
nothing is in excess or limiting)
25.0
n(Ba(OH) 2 ) = — x 0.200 = 5 x 10 - 3 mol
1000
一2
1X10
n(HCI) = 5 X 10 一3 X2 = 1 X 10
一2
mol V(HCI) = 0.2
x 1000 = 50cm 3
Page 25 of 42
1B Chemistry Note

B. Percentage yield
actual yield
percentage yield = x 100%
theoretical yie·
Usually, if both information of reactant and product were given, data about product is actual yield
(experimental yield)
Mole calculation using value from reactant will be theoretical yield

Worked example
3. Calcium carbonate decomposes on heating as shown below.
CaC03➔ Cao+ CO2
When 50 g of calcium carbonate are decomposed, 7 g of calcium oxide are formed.
What is the percentage yield of calcium oxide?
A. 7%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 75%
(Total 1 mark)
Exam technique
The statement "7g of calcium oxide are formed" give information about actual yield
(experimental yield)
Theoretical yield can be calculated from the value of reactant SO g calcium carbonate
50
n(CaC0 3 ) = — = 0.5 mol = n(CaO)
100
m(CaO) = 0.5 x 56 gmo尸= 28g

percentage yield = — X 100% = 25%

28
C. Percentage purity
mass of substances in impure sample
X 100%
mass of impure sample

Page 26 of 42
1B Chemistry Note

Exercise 5 (Multiple Choice Question)

+ +
1. Ag( s)+ NO只aq)+ H (aq囧 Ag (aq)+ NO(g)+ H20(I)
When the oxidation-reduction equation above is balanced, what is the coefficient for
+
H (aq)?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
(Total 1 mark)
2. Copper can react with nitric acid as follows.
3Cu+_HN03 ➔ _Cu(N03) +_历0+ _NO
i

What is the coefficient for HN03 when the equation is balanced?

A. 4
B. 6
C. 8
D. 10
(Total 1 mark)
3. Lithium hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide as follows.
2LiOH+ CO2 ➔ 凸C03十历O
What mass (in grams) of lithium hydroxide is needed to react with 11 g of carbon
dioxide?
A. 6
B. 12
C. 24
D. 48
(Total 1 mark)
4. Consider the following equation.
2C4H1o(g)+ 1302(g囧8C02(g)+ 10历0(1)
How many moles of C02(g) are produced by the complete combustion of 58 g of
butane,
C4H1o(g)?
A. 4
B. 8
C. 12
D. 16
(Total 1 mark)

Page 27 of 42
1B Chemistry Note

5. 6.0 moles of Fe 203(s) reacts with 9.0moles of carbon in a blast furnace according to
the equation below.
Fe 203(s) + 3C(s) ➔ 2Fe(s) + 3CO(g)

What is the limiting reagent and hence the theoretical yield of iron?

。
Limiting reagent Theoretical yield of iron
A. Fe 2 3 6.0 mol
B. Fe203 12.0 mol
C. carbon 9.0 mol
D. carbon 6.0 mol
(Total 1 mark)
6. What volume of 0.500mol dm-3 HCl(aq) is required to react completely with 10.0g of
calcium carbonate according to the equation below?
CaC03(s) + 2HCl(aq) ➔ CaCl2(aq)+ H20(1) + C02(g)
A. 100cm3
B. 2 00cm3
C. 3 00cm3
D. 400cm3
(Total 1 mark)
7. The equation for the complete combustion of butane is
2C4H10+ 1302 ➔ 8C02+ lOH20
What is the amount (in mol) of carbon dioxide formed by the complete combustion of
three moles of butane?
A. 4
B. 8
C. 12
D. 24
{Total 1 mark)
8. The equation for a reaction occurring in the synthesis of methanol is
CO2+ 3H 2 ➔ C用OH+ H20
What is the maximum amount of methanol that can be formed from 2 mol of carbon
dioxide and 3 mol of hydrogen?
A. 1mol
B. 2 mol
C. 3 mol
D. 5 mol
{Total 1 mark)

Page 28 of 42
1B Chemistry Note

9. Methane, H
C 4, burns in oxygen gas to form carbon dioxide and water. How many
moles of carbon dioxide will be formed from 8.0 g of methane?
A. 0.25
.B 0.50
.C 1.0
D. 2.0
(Total 1 mark)
3
10. Assuming complete reaction, what volume of 0.200 mol dm- potassium hydroxide
3 3
solution (KOH(aq)) , is required to neutralize 25.0 cm of 0.200 mol dm- aqueous
sulfuric acid, (H2S04(aq))?
3
A. 12.5 cm
3
.B 25.0 cm
.C 50.0 cm
3
D. 75.0 cm
(Total 1 mark)
11. Consider the following reaction.
N2(g) + 3H2(g)�2NH3 (g)
If the reaction is made to go to completion, what volume of ammonia (in dm勺can be
3 3
prepared from 25 dm of nitrogen and 60 dm of hydrogen? All volumes are measured
at the same temperature and pressure.
A. 40
.B 50
.C 85
D. 120
(Total 1 mark)
12. When excess a
B Cl2(aq ) was added to a sample of Fe(NH4h(SO山(aq) to determine the
amount in moles of sulfate present, 5.02x10-3 mol of BaS04 was obtained. How many
moles of sulfate ions and iron ions were in the sample of Fe(NH4h(S04h?
Amount of sulfate ions/ Amount of iron ions/ moles
moles
3 3
A s.02x10- 2.Slxl0-
B· 3 一3
10.04x10- S.02x10
一3 一3
C 2.SlxlO 5.02x10
D 10.04x10-
3
2.Slxl0-
3

(Total 1 mark)

Page 29 of 42
1B Chemistry Note

3
13. What volume of 0.500mol dm- sulfuric acid solution is required to react completely
with 10.0g of calcium carbonate according to the equation below?
Ca C0 3(s) + H 2S04(aq) ➔ CaS04(aq) + H 20(1) + C0 2(g)
3
A. 100cm
3
B. 200cm
3
C. 300cm
3
D. 400cm
{Total 1 mark)
14. Ethyne, C 2 历reacts with oxygen according to the equation below . What volume of
3
oxygen (in dm ) reacts with 0.40 dm 3 of C凸？
2C 2H 2(g) + S0 2( g囧4C0 2(g) + 2历O(g)
A. 0.40
B. 0.80
C. 1.0
D. 2.0
{Total 1 mark)
Exercise 5 {Structural Question)

1. Sodium reacts with water as follows.

2Na(s) + 2历0(1)➔ 2NaOH(aq) + H 2(g)

1.15g of sodium is allowed to react completely with water . The resulting solution is
3 3
diluted to 250 cm . Calculate the concentration, in mol dm- , of the resulting sodium
hydroxide solution .

(Total 3 marks)

Page 30 of 42
1B Chemistry Note

2. (i ) Calcium carbonate is added to separate solutions of hydrochloric acid and

ethanoic acid of the same concentration. State one similarity and one difference
in the observations you could make.

(2)

(ii) Write an equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and calcium
carbonate.

(2)

(iii) Determine the volume of 1.50 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid that would react with
exactly 1.25 g of calcium carbonate.

(3)

Page 31 of 42
1B Chemistry Note

(iv) Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide, measured at 273 Kand

5
1.0lx10 Pa, which would be produced when 1.25 g of calcium carbonate reacts
completely with the hydrochloric acid.

(2)
(Total 9 marks)

3. 100 cm3 of ethene, C 2 出is burned in 400 cm3 of oxygen, producing carbon dioxide
and some liquid water. Some oxygen remains unreacted.

(a) Write the equation for the complete combustion of ethene.

(2)

( b) Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide produced and the volume of oxygen
remaining.

(2)
(Total 4 marks)

Page 32 of 42
1B Chemistry Note

4. ( a) Write an equation for the formation of zinc iodide from zinc and iodine.

(1)

(b) 100.0 g of zinc is allowed to react with 100.0 g of iodine producing zinc iodide.
Calculate the amount (in moles) of zinc and iodine, and hence determine which
reactant is in excess.

(3)

(c) Calculate the mass of zinc iodide that will be produced.

(1)
(Total 5 marks)

Page 33 of 42
1B Chemistry Note

5. Copper metal may be produced by the reaction of copper(I} oxide and copper(I} sulfide
according to the below equation.

2Cu20 + Cu2S➔ 6Cu + S02

A mixture of 10.0 kg of copper(I) oxide and 5.00 kg of copper(I) sulfide was heated
until no further reaction occurred.

(a) Determine the limiting reagent in this reaction, showing your working.

(3)

(b) Calculate the maximum mass of copper that could be obtained from these
masses of reactants.

(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Page 34 of 42
1B Chemistry Note

6. The reaction below represents the reduction of iron ore to produce iron.

2Fe 20 3 + 3C ➔ 4Fe + 3C0 2

A mixture of 30 kg of Fe 2 0 3 and 5.0 kg of C was heated until no further reaction

occurred.
Calculate the maximum mass of iron that can be obtained from these masses of
reactants.

(Total 5 marks)

7. Propane and oxygen react according to the following equation.

C 3 困(g) + S0 2(g囧3C0 2 (g) + 4历O(g)

Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide and water vapour produced and the volume of
oxygen remaining, when 20.0 dm 3 of propane reacts with 120.0 d記of oxygen. All gas
volumes are measured at the same temperature and pressure.

(Total 3 marks)

Page 35 of 42
1B Chemistry Note

8. 0.502 g of an alkali metal sulfate is dissolved in water and excess barium chloride
solution, BaCl2(aq) is added to precipitate all the sulfate ions as barium sulfate,
BaS04(s). The precipitate is filtered and dried and weighs 0.672 g.

( a) Calculate the amount (in mol) of barium sulfate formed.

(2)

(b) Determine the amount (in mol) of the alkali metal sulfate present.

(1)

(c) Determine the molar mass of the alkali metal sulfate and state its units.

(2)

( d) Deduce the identity of the alkali metal, showing your workings.

(2)

(e) Write an equation for the precipitation reaction, including state symbols.

(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Page 36 of 42
1B Chemistry Note

＇ -3
9. A so 丨 ut1on containing ammonia requires 25.0 cm 3 of 0.100 mol dm hydrochloric acid
to reach the equivalence point of a titration.

(i ) Write an equation for the reaction of ammonia with hydrochloric acid

(1)

(ii) Calculate the amount (in mol) of hydrochloric acid and ammonia that react.

(2)

(iii) Calculate the mass of ammonia in the solution.

Page 37 of 42
1BChemistry Note

Answer key
Exercise 1 (MultipleChoice Question)
BAAACC

Exercise 2 (MultipleChoice Question)

BBACD
CDD

Exercise 2 (Structural Question)

1. Al 20.3 Cl 79.70 or similar working (no penalty for use of 27 or 35.5);

26.98 35.45

empirical formula AICl3;

molecular formula: n= 267 = 2;

133.5

Al2Cl6;
Full credit can be obtained if the calculations are carried
out by another valid method. Two correct formulas but no
valid method scores [2 max].
[4]

1
2. (a) to prevent (re)oxidation of the copper/OWTTf;

(b) number of moles of oxygen = 1 6. 0 = 0• 10I·

16 .00

6 .35
number of moles of copper= = 0.10;
6 3 .55

3
empirical formula= Cu (0.10) : 0 (0.10)= CuO;
Allow ECF.
Award [1} for CuO with no working.
Alternate solution

园= 79.8% 纘= 20.2%

声= 125
. 翌= 1.29
6 3.5
1

(c) H2 + CuO ➔ Cu+ H20;

Allow ECF.
(d) (black copper oxide) solid turns red/brown;
2

condensation/water vapour (on sides of test tube);

Accept change colour.
Do not accept reduction of sample size.
[7)
3. (i) C N H
6 2.0
12 0
. 1
I5 .16
24.1
14.01
/1.72 — /13 8.
13.9
1.01

Page 38 of 42
1BChemistry Note

Award [2] for above.

No penalty for use of whole number atomic masses.
If atomic numbers used then only mark for% of H can be
awarded.
If H% and calculation missing, award [1], and last mark
cannot be scored.
If H% calculation incorrect apply ECF.

3
C3 NH g;
Correct empirical formula scores [3].
(ii) the average mass of a molecule;
compared to 1/12 of (the mass of) one atom of 12C/compared to
C-12 taken as 12;
OR

2
average mass of a molecule
1
mass of 1 /12of one atom of 2C
Award [2] for the equation above.

1
(iii) c6柘H16;
[6]
Exercise 3 (Multiple Choice Question)
DCACB

Exercise 4 (Multiple Choice Question)

DDBABCB

Exercise 5 (Multiple Choice Question)

DCBAD
DCABC
AABC

Exercise 5 (Structural Question)

1 15
1. moles of Na = _:__ = 0.05;
23

moles of NaOH = 0.05;

Accept "same as moles of Na"

〔繕〕
3

3
concentration = = 0.20 (mol dm- )

Allow ECF from moles of NaOH

[3]

Page 39 of 42
1B Chemistry Note

2. (i) bubbling/effervescence/dissolving of CaC0 3 /gas given off

(do not accept CO2 produced);

2 2
more vigorous reaction with HCI/OWTTE;
(ii) 2HCl(aq)+ CaC0 3(s) ➔ CaCl (aq)+ C02(g)+ H20(1);
i

[1] for correct formulas, [1] for balanced, state symbols

not essential.

(iii) amount of CaC0 3 = 1.2 5 (no penalty for use of 100);

1 00.09
amount of HCI = 2x0.0125 = 0.0250 mol (allow ECF);

3
3 3
volume of HCI = 0.0167 dm /16.7 cm (allow ECF);
(iv) 1:1 ratio of CaC0 3 to CO2 /use 0.0125 moles CO2 (allow ECF);

1
(0.0125x22.4) = 0.28 dm /280 cm /2.8xl0-4記(allow ECF);
3 3

Accept calculation using pV=nRT.

[9]

2
3. (a) C2H4+ 302 ➔ 2C02+ 2H20;
Award [1] for formulas and [1] for coefficients.
(b) (CO2 produced)= 200 (cm扭
{02 remaining)= 100 (cm 3); 2
ECF from 2{a).
[4]

1
4. (a) Zn+ 12 ➔ Znl2 ;
Accept equilibrium sign.

g
(b) (moles of) zinc [ = IOO.O ) = 1.530;
65.37g mol-1

100.0g
3

(moles of) iodine (� ) = 0·3940;

253.Sgmol-1

ECF throughout.
一1 (SF) possible.
(reacting ratio is 1:1, therefore) zinc is in excess;
Must be consistent with calculation above.

100.0
(c) (amount of zinc iodide= amount of iodine used= moles)
253.8
1

100.0
(mass of zinc iodide= x(65.37+ 253.8)= 125.8 (g);
253.8
Use ECF throughout.
一1 (SF) possible.
[5]

Page 40 of 42
1B Chemistry Note

5. (a) n(Cu20) = 10.0x103 +143.1 = 69.9 mol;

n(Cu2S) = 5.00x103 +159.16 = 31.4 mol;
Penalise failure to convert kg ➔ g once only.
Cu2S is the limiting reagent;

3
£CF from above answers.
(b) n(Cu) = 6xn(Cu2S) = 6x31.4 = 188 mol;
m(Cu) = 188x63.55 = 11900 12000 g/11.9 12.0 kg;

2
If Cu20 given in (a}, allow 3xn(Cu20} and
3xn(Cu20)x63.55.
Allow£CF from (a).
[5]
6. n(Fe2偽） = 30x10 +159.7/n(Fe2鉭） = 188 mol;
3

n(C) = 5.0x10 +12.01/n(C) = 416 mol;

3

Fe203 is the limiting reagent or implicit in calculation;

n(Fe) = 2xn(Fe203) = 2x188 = 376 mol;
m(Fe) = 376x55.85 = 21 kg;
Accept 2 sig. fig. or 3 sig. fig., otherwise use l{SF}.
Correct final answers score [SJ.
Allow ECF.
[5]
7. 60.0 dm CO2;
3

80.0 dm3 历O;

20.0 dm3 切； 3
Apply l{U).
[3]

8. (a) M(BaS04) (= 137.34+ 32.06+ 4(16.00)) = 233.40 (g mol扭

Accept 233.4 but not 233
0·672g = 0.00288 / 2.88x10
n(BaS04) (mol);
2

=
3
[ 233.40 gmor)
1

ECF from M value

( b) n (alkali metal sulfate) = 0.00288 / 2.88x10氕mol);

1

(c)
M
= 〔于。 ��!!o,= 〕 174.31 / 174.3 / 174;

ECF
units: g mol 2

〔
1;

(d) (ZIA,)+ 32+ 4(16) = 174, thus)A,= 39 /A, = (l 74-(3�+(4xl6) =39;

)

Accept answer between 38.9 and 39.2

ECF

Page 41 of 42
1B Chemistry Note

potassium/K;
ECF from A, value
2
(e) K2 S04(aq) + BaCl2 (aq)➔ BaS04(s) + 2KCl(aq) 2
Award [1] for balanced equation and [1] for state
symbols
£CF if another alkali metal arrived at in (d)
Accept net ionic equation
If no answer arrived at in {d}, but correct equation given
involving any alkali metal, then award [1 max]
[9]
9. (i) NH3 (aq) + HCl(aq)➔ NH4Cl(aq) ＇ 1
States not required for mark
(ii) n(HCI) = cV = 0.100 mo l dm 豉0.0250 dm3 = 0.00250 mol;
n(NH3 ) = n(HCI) = 0.00250 mol; 2
ECF
(iii) (M (NH3 ) = 14.01 + 3(1.01) =) 17.04/17.0 (g mol扭
m(NH3 ) = 0.00250 molx17.04g mol 1 = 0.0426g/0.0425g; 2
ECF
[5]

Page 42 of 42