Classification of Matter

Elements, Compounds, Mixtures

 Lesson Objective
• Physical and Chemical Changes.
• Elements
• Compounds
• Mixtures
 Physical and Chemical Changes
• All reaction in Chemistry can be divided into
two types of changes: Physical or Chemical.

• Physical Change:

• NO new substance is formed.

• These changes are easily reversible or
temporary.
• An example is dissolving salt in water.
• Other examples of physical change include:
melting, boiling, mixing 2 solids or liquids.
 Physical and Chemical Changes
• Chemical Change:

• A NEW substance is formed.

• These changes are irreversible or permanent.
• The new substance formed will have different
properties compared to its original elements.
(E.g. different melting and different chemical
reactions from the original substance.)
 Physical and Chemical Changes
• One can recognize a chemical change from 2
observations:
• The new substance has a different appearance,
such as different color or different physical state.
• An example is the electrolysis of water.
• Reason: Electrolysis of water produces two new
substances, Hydrogen gas and oxygen gas.
Hydrogen and oxygen are both gases but water is a
liquid.
• A lot of heat is given out in a chemical changes.
• Chemical changes are called chemical reactions.
Illustration of chemical changes
An Overview
Elements, Compounds and
Mixtures
“ single, attached, play play…”
Introducing Little Miss
“Element”
Hi! I am Little Miss “Element”
I am PURE SUBSTANCE
I cannot be broken down into
any simpler substance by
means of a chemical reaction*
or electricity**!

*Chemical process refers to

chemical reaction or heat

**Electricity refers to
electrolysis
 Elements
Definition of an element:

An element is a pure substance which

cannot be split up into two or more
simpler substances by chemical
means.

Sugar is not an element as it can be

broken down into carbon and water.
 Elements
Note that an element:
• Consists of only one kind of atom,
• Cannot be broken down into a simpler
type of matter by either physical or
chemical means
• Can exist as either atoms (e.g. argon) or
molecules (e.g., nitrogen).
 Examples of elements
Elements are made up of tiny particles
Elements can be further classified into two
groups:

Is made up of two or more

Is the smallest particle
of an element and has
the same chemical properties
of the element
atoms that are chemically
bonded together
(note: these atoms are of the
SAME element!!)

Hi, I am from the

We
“Noble gas” family
same
and I work alone
same!!
 These are elements!
Atoms of same element Molecules of same element

H H
Cu He Hydrogen
gas element

copper helium
element element
O ozone

Na
O O
sodium
element
 Atoms
An element is made of tiny particles
called atoms.

The atoms of an element is different

from that of another element.
Elements- Atoms
Consists of
only one kind
of atom

Microscopic view of
the atoms of the
element argon (gas
phase).
 What is an atom?
Examples of models of atoms:

H Na Cl

Hydrogen Sodium Chlorine

atom atom atom
 Molecules
For example, hydrogen
Very few elements exists as
is H2.
atoms besides elements such
as helium and neon.

Most elements exist as

molecules.

Ozone is O3.
Hydrogen (H2) is a
diatomic molecule.
Molecules consisting of a
few atoms are called
polyatomic molecules.

Ozone (O3) is a
triatomic molecule.
Elements-Molecules
Consists of
only one kind
of atom

Microscopic view of
the molecules of the
element nitrogen (gas
phase).
 Examples of molecules (elements)
O
H H O

O
O O S
S S

S
S

S
S
N N
S
 Allotropes of Carbon molecule
(element)
• Carbon is an element but made up of a very
large molecule (also known as
MACROMOLECULE)
• There are 3 types of carbon molecular
structures
– C60
– Diamond
– Graphite
Chemical Symbols of Elements

Chemists use symbols to represent elements.

For example, O represents oxygen while Fe

represents iron.

Element Symbol Element Symbol

Calcium Ca Mercury Hg
Carbon C Neon Ne
Hydrogen H Silicon Si
Iron Fe Sodium Na
Classification of Elements –
Metals and Non-metals
There are two major groups of elements –
metals and non-metals.

Iron is a metal. Oxygen is a non-metal.

Metals and non-metals are grouped separately

on the Periodic Table.

There are some elements called metalloids

which behave like both metals and non-metals.
 What is an element?
An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into
two or more simpler substances by any chemical means.
- They are arranged in the Periodic Table, classified as metals
and non-metals.
- They may consist of atoms of same element or molecules of
Non-metals (including
the same element. Metals (excluding hydrogen) hydrogen)
 Physical Properties metals and non-
metals
Metals Non-metals
Shiny appearance Dull appearance

Solids at r.t.p (except Gases, liquids or solids at r.t.p

mercury) (room temp & pressure)
Malleable, Ductile, Sonorous Brittle if solid (general)

High melting and boiling Low melting and boiling points

points
Good conductors of heat Poor conductors of heat

Good conductors of Poor conductors of electricity

electricity (expect carbon and graphite)
 Summarising
Elements

Non
Metals
Metals

Atoms Atoms Molecules

 Introducing Little Miss
“Compounds”

Harlow! Hehee!!!
*giggles*

I am also a PURE SUBSTANCE

I am made up of a fixed number
of two or more elements
chemically combined.
 Compounds
Note that a compound:
• can be broken down into a simpler type of
matter (elements) by chemical means (but
not by physical means),

• has properties that are different from its

component elements, and

• always contains the same ratio of its

component atoms.
 What is a compound?
A compound is a substance which is made up of two or
more elements chemically combined together.

- Chemical reactions taking place.

Qn: Is this a compound? Qn: Is this a compound? Qn: Is this a compound?

O
It only contains one type It only contains one type O
It is not chemically
of element. of element. H
combined.
H O
So, what is a compound then?
H

Water Ammonia gas

Consists of two or more elements

And
They are chemically combined together!
Compounds

Microscopic view of
the molecules of the
compound water (gas
phase). Oxygen
atoms are red and
hydrogen atoms are
white.
 Making compounds from their elements
Example: Making water (picture)
lighted
splint
ELEMENTS
hydrogen oxygen COMPOUND
(colourless gas) (colourless gas)

heat, light water

and (colourless liquid)
explosion

Example: Making water (models)

mixture of
hydrogen water
andheat,
light and
oxygen
explosion

Water
Hydrogen Oxygen molecule
molecule molecule
 Making compounds from their elements

Example: Making iron sulphide compound

compound
elements
heat
Iron + sulphur  iron sulphide

+ 
heat

yellow grey

black
 Little Miss “Compound”
Property #1
I can be represented General Rules:
as a “chemical - Only write the name of the metallic element
formula”
first
The different
elements present in - Write the number of atoms of any element
a compound are in the compound in subscript
combined in a fixed (applies to only 2 or more atoms)
ratio
- “ide” will always be written at the
end of the non metal element

Special Rules:
• Does not apply to organic compounds
(chapter 18 onwards)
 Little Miss “Compound”
Property #2
I am formed by atoms Examples
of different elements.
However, I do not • Na + Cl2  NaCl
have the properties (s) (g) (s)
as them.

• H2 + O2  H2O
(g) (g) (l)
 Little Miss “Compound”
Property #3
Electrolysis
(breaking down of compound by electricity)
2MgCl(s)  Mg(s) +Cl2(g)

Thermal Decomposition
(breaking down of compound by heat)
HgO(s)  Hg(s) + O2(g)

Because of my chemical bonds,

I cannot be broken down by
physical means. I can only be
broken down by chemical
reaction or electricity.
How do we name compounds?
Rule 1
A compound made up of two elements
has a name that ends in -ide.

• Sodium chloride — made up of the elements

sodium and chlorine
• Zinc oxide — made up of the elements zinc
and oxygen
• Carbon dioxide — made up of the elements
carbon and oxygen
How do we name compounds?
Rule 2
A compound that contains hydroxide ions , OH–
(a negatively charged ion made up of oxygen
and hydrogen) is named a hydroxide.

• Potassium hydroxide — contains potassium

ions and hydroxide ions
How do we name compounds?
Rule 3
A compound that contains a negatively
charged polyatomic ion containing oxygen
usually has a name ending in –ate.

• Copper(II) sulphate — contains oxygen atoms

in the sulphate ion

• Sodium nitrate — contains oxygen atoms in

the nitrate ion
 Fixed Composition of
Compounds
A compound is made up of different elements
chemically combined in a fixed ratio.

For example, water (H2O) is a compound made

only by joining together two atoms of hydrogen
to one atom of oxygen.

That is, the ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen

atoms in water is always 2 : 1.
 Chemical Formula of a
Compound
A compound can be represented by a chemical
formula.

The chemical formula states

• the types of atoms (i.e. elements) in the
compound,
• the ratio of the different atoms in the
compound.

Types of atoms:
hydrogen, oxygen

Ratio of H to O = 2:1
Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall
Cavendish International
 How do we write chemical
formula?
Rule 1
For many compounds that contain both
metallic and non-metallic elements, the
symbol of the metallic element is written
first.

• calcium oxide (CaO)

• sodium chloride (NaCl)
• magnesium carbonate (MgCO3)
 How do we write chemical
formula?
Rule 2
The number of atoms is written as a
subscript, to the right of the atom’s symbol.

• water (H2O, not H2O or 2HO)

• magnesium carbonate
(MgCO3, not MgCO3 or MgC3O)
 How do we write chemical
formula?
Rule 3
It is not necessary to write the
subscript ‘1’.

• water (H2O, not H2O1)

• calcium oxide (CaO, not
Ca1O1)
 How do we write chemical
formula?
Rule 4
The oxygen atom is usually written at
the end of the formula.

• water (H2O, not OH2)

• carbon dioxide (CO2, not O2C)
• nitric acid (HNO3, not O3NH)
 How do we calculate the
number of atoms in a formula?
Number of nitrogen (N) atoms
Number of lead (Pb) atoms =
1
=1x2=2

Pb(NO3)2

Number of oxygen (O) atoms

=3x2=6
 Compounds can be
Decomposed
Heat can be used to break down compounds
into elements or simpler compounds. Such a
chemical reaction is called thermal
decomposition.
Oxygen

Mercury(II) oxide
 Summarizing
• A compound is made up of two or more
elements chemically joined together
• A compound has a fixed composition
• Every compound has a unique chemical
formula
• A compound has a completely different
properties from its elements
• A chemical reaction (decomposition or
electrolysis) is needed to separate the
elements in the compound
 Molecules- Elements or
compounds?
• A molecule consists of two or more atoms
of the same element, or different elements,
that are chemically bound together.
• It can be a molecule of an element S S S
S
• E.g. N2, O2, S8 N N O O S
S SS
• It can be molecule of a compound.
• H2O, CO2, NH3 O O O
H
H H N
C H H
 Think about this…
ROJAK!!
Introducing Little Mr. “Mixture”

Burp!!!! I am messy!

I am formed when two or more substances

joined together physically (without chemical
bonds)

I have the same properties as all the

substances

I am his best
friend!
AIR
 Mixtures
Definition of a mixture:

A mixture is not a pure substance as it

contains a mixture of atoms of
molecules which are not chemically
combined together.
 Mixtures
• Note that a mixture:
• consists of two or more different elements
and/or compounds NOT chemically combined.
• Can be homogeneous or non-homogeneous
• can be separated into its components by
physical means, and
• often retains many of the properties of its
components.
Mixtures

Microscopic view of
a gaseous mixture
containing two
elements (argon and
nitrogen) and a
compound (water).
 Mixtures
• Examples of mixtures include muddy
water and air.

Air is made up of gases such as nitrogen

and oxygen mixed together.
Little Mr “Mixture”
I do not have a fixed composition
of the substances.

A Mixture can be:

• element + element
• element + compound
• compound + compound
(Refer to page 59, Fig 4.7)

He is a “boo-boo!”
He can be separated to its
substances by physical
methods
A mixture of 2 elements

A mixture of two
elements, e.g. neon
(Ne) and hydrogen (H2)
A mixture of 1 element and
1 compound

A mixture of one
element and one
compound, e.g.
hydrogen (H2) and
ammonia (NH3)
A mixture of 2 compounds

A mixture of two
compounds, e.g.
water vapour (H2O)
and carbon dioxide
(CO2)
 Alloy: What is it??
• It is a mixture of metals with
Mr Alloy other elements
• Alloy metals are generally
stronger and better in physical
properties
• Examples
Yup! – Steel (Iron + Carbon)
That’s
ME! – Stainless Steel (Nickel + Iron +
Chromium + carbon)
– Brass (Copper + Zinc)
 Can you differentiate?
Mixture of 2 Molecules of
elements-Alloy an element

Compound Mixture of Mixture of

element & 2 elements
compound
 Conclusion
An element is a pure substance which cannot be
split up into two or more simpler substances
by chemical means.

A compound consist of a fixed number of

different kinds of atoms chemically combined
together.

A mixture is not a pure substance as it contains

a mixture of atoms of molecules which are not
chemically combined together.
 Difference between mixtures and
compounds.
Compounds
E.g.
Water H2O
Separation Cannot be separated into its Can be easily separated into
constituents by physical
methods. Separation can only
be done by chemical methods
or by electricity.
e.g. Water can only be
separated into Hydrogen and
Oxygen by Electrolysis.
Mixtures
E.g.
Salt solution
its constituents by physical
methods.
e.g. Salt can be obtained
from its solution by
evaporation. Water can be
obtained by simple
distillation.
Difference between mixtures and
compounds.
Compounds Mixtures
E.g. E.g.
Water H2O Salt solution
Composition The composition is fixed. The Has no fixed
constituents (elements) in the composition. The
compound are combined in amount of constituents
definite amount. in a mixture can vary.

e.g. To form one molecule of e.g. The amount of

water, two atoms of salt added into the
Hydrogen and one atom of water to make salt
Oxygen is needed. solution can vary and
vice versa.
 Difference between mixtures and
compounds.
Compounds Mixtures
E.g. E.g.
Water H2O Salt solution
Properties The physical and chemical The mixture does not have its
properties of the own properties. It has the
compound is different from average physical and chemical
the properties of its properties of the constituents that
constituents. made it up. (Each constituents
still retain its own properties)
e.g. Hydrogen and Oxygen
are gases while water is a e.g. The salt solution still retains
liquid at room temperature its salt taste.
and pressure. e.g. Salt solution does not have a
e.g. Water has a fixed fixed melting or boiling point, but
melting and boiling point. rather over a range of
temperature.
Difference between mixtures and
compounds.
Compounds Mixtures
E.g. E.g.
Water H2O Salt solution
Energy Energy is usually given out Normally little or no
Change or occasionally taken in energy is given out or
when a compound is formed. taken in when a
mixture is formed.
Differences between mixtures
and compounds
Laugh what? I
know I am a
little “bushy and *giggles
hairy” than *
you… HeE
stupid…

Mr Messy Little Miss Compound

 Comparison between mixtures
and compounds
Mixture Compound
Separation Components can be Elements in a compound
/breakdown separated by physical Cannot be separated by
methods physical methods
Properties Same properties as its Properties are unique and
(chemical / components different from its elements
physical)
Energy No chemical change A chemical reaction takes
Change takes place when a place when a compound
mixture in formed is formed
Mp / Bp Variable Fixed
Compositio Does not have a fixed Has a fixed composition
n composition
 Challenge Time
• Is mineral water an element, mixture or
compound?
 Challenge Time
• Are YOU an element, mixture or
compound?
 EXTRA!
• Human body is made up of 28 elements?
• About 99% our mass is made up of the 6
main elements
– Oxygen (65%)
– Carbon (18%)
– Hydrogen (10%)
– Nitrogen (3%)
– Calcium (1.5%)
– Phosphorus (1.5%)
The End……