FINAL REVIEW PACKAGE

~ SCIENCE 10 ~

Tips for Studying:

Take responsibility for yourself

Recognize that in order to succeed you need to make decisions about your
priorities, your time, and your resources.

Center yourself on your values and principles

Don't let friends and acquaintances dictate what you consider important.

Put first things first

Follow up on the priorities you have set for yourself, and don't let others, or other
interests, distract you from your goals.

Discover your key productivity periods and places

Morning, afternoon, or evening?
Find spaces where you can be the most focused and productive.  Prioritize these
for your most difficult study challenges.

Consider yourself in a win-win situation

when you contribute your best to a class, you, your fellow students, and even your
teacher will benefit. Your grade can then be one additional check on your
performance.

Look for better solutions to problems

For example, if you don't understand the course material, don't just re-read it. Try
something else! Consult with the professor, a tutor, an academic advisor, a
classmate, a study group, or your school's study skills center

Look to continually challenge yourself

THIS NOTE PACKAGE IS JUST THE BARE BONES! IT IS YOUR

RESPONSIBILITY TO KNOW EACH TOPIC IN GREATER DETAIL!

BIOLOGY

Microscopes
Be able to label a microscope diagram! (see following page)

Be able to explain all of the following:

Hans and Zacharias Janssen

Robert Hooke
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

Transmission Electron Microscope

Scanning Electron Microscope

Cell Theory – Spontaneous Generation

Be able to explain all of the following:

Franseco Redi
John Needham
Lazzaro Spallanzani
French Academy of Sciences
Louis Pasteur

Robert Brown
M.J. Schleiden & Schwann

Controlled Variables
Manipulated Variables
Responding Variables
 Cell Organelles

Know all of the following cell organelles and be able to explain their functions.

Cell Membrane Transport

 Be able to explain in detail each of the following cell membrane transport systems and
draw diagram explaining it’s process.

Cell
Passive Membrane Active
Transport Transport Transport

Facilitated Simple Protein

Transport Diffusion Endocytosis Pumps

Exocytosis
Osmosis

Is bigger better?
 Plant Structure

- Shoot System
- Root System
- 3 Types of Tissue:

1. Dermal Tissue
a. cuticle
b. epidermis

2. Ground Tissue

3. Vascular Tissue
a. Xylem Tissue
b. Phloem Tissue

Know the following parts of the plant

and their functions:
Science 10 Final Review

Photosynthesis

Chlorophyll + light

Water + Carbon Dioxide Glucose + Oxygen

Chlorophyll + light
6H2O(l) + 6CO2(g) C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(g)

Cellular Respiration

7
Science 10 Final Review

Glucose + Oxygen Water + Carbon Dioxide

C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(g) 6H2O(l) + 6CO2(g)

Gas Exchange

8
Science 10 Final Review

Cr0ss-section of a Plant Diagram

Root to Leaf Water Transport

Tonicity in Plants

Phototropism

Know what phototropism is and how it effects the growth of plants.

9
Science 10 Final Review

Darwin’s experiment on phototropism

Gravitropism

Know what gravitropism is and how it effects the growth of plants.

10
Science 10 Final Review

Know how the chemical substance auxin affects plant growth.

CHEMISTRY

11
 Science 10 Final Review

Safety in the Lab:

Safety Hazard Symbols

WHMIS Symbols

Properties of Matter

Physical Properties – physical appearance and composition of a substance.

Examples page 13, Table A1.1 of text.

Chemical Properties – the reactivity of a substance. Examples page 13,

Table A1.2 of text.

Classification of Matter

Homogeneous
Heterogeneous

Be able to define and classify each of the following:

Matter

Pure Substances Mixtures

Mechanical
Elements Compounds Solutions Suspensions Colloids
Mixtures

5 Atomic Models

Picture of Model Scientist Name Model Characteristics

12
Science 10 Final Review

The Periodic Table Ion Charge

Atomic Number 8 2-
O
Oxygen
Atomic Molar 16.00
Mass

13
Science 10 Final Review

Atomic Molar Mass = # of protons + neutrons

Atomic Number = # of protons
Ion Charge = most common charge the element takes on to
complete its energy levels.

Metals - Non-metals - Metalloids

Families/Groups – Columns: Alkali Metals

Alkaline Earth Metals
Transition Metals
Halogens
Noble Gases

Periods – Rows

Subatomic Particles: Electrons, Protons, Neutrons

Complete the following Table:

Element IUPAC Atomic Group Period Metal (m) SATP Family
Name Symbol Number Number Number Nonmetal State Name
(nm)
Chlorine

Magnesium

30

3 4

In an atom: # of electrons can change, becomes an ion

# of neutrons can change, becomes an isotope
# of protons can NOT change

Energy Level Diagrams

Atom:
0 Charge
1
8
2

Na

14
Science 10 Final Review

11 Protons
12 Neutrons
23 = Atomic Number
Ion:
1+ Charge

8
2

Na

11 Protons
12 Neutrons
23 = Atomic Number

Octet Rule: The outermost energy level likes to be completely full meaning it
contains 8 electrons.
Naming & Formulas

~ Ionic Compounds

Metal + Non-metal = Ionic Bond

Cation (positive) + Anion (negative) = Giving or
receiving of electrons.

I.e. Na 1+ + Cl 1- = NaCl
Sodium has less Chlorine has 1 Therefore, Na
Electron extra electron gives Cl his
electron.

Naming Rules for an Ionic Compound:

1. Name the cation first by using the element’s name.

2. Name the anion second except minus the last syllable and replace it with “ide”

I.e. NaCl = sodium chloride

Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds:

1. Identify the ions and their charges.

15
Science 10 Final Review

2. Determine the total charges needed to balance.

3. Note the ratio of cations to anions.
4. Use the subscripts to write the formula, if needed.

I.e. aluminum chloride

1. aluminum: Al3+ 3. Al need 1

chloride: cl- Cl need 3
Therefore Ratio is 1 to 3
2. Al + + +
Cl – Cl – Cl – 4. AlCl3

Total Charge = 0

Multivalent Elements

Elements with more than one stable ion. I.e. Iron = Fe2+ and Fe3+
Commonly found amongst the Transition Metals.

Must use Roman Numerals to distinguish which ion charge you are using.

I.e. FeCl3 iron III chloride

Polyatomic Ions

Ions made up of several non-metallic atoms joined together.

Found at the top of your Periodic Table in a box labeled Polyatomic Ions. (go figure!)
Charge and name (including ending/suffix) are given in this box.

Two most common suffixes for polyatomic ions = ‘ate’ and ‘ite’

~ Molecular Compounds

Non-metal + Non-metal = Covalent Bond

Anion (negative) + Anion (negative) = Sharing of
Electrons

16
Science 10 Final Review

O2

O OO
16+ 16+
16+

Sharing
Electrons

Naming Rules for Molecular Compounds

1. Name the first element

2. Name the second element adding “ide” to the end.
3. Add prefixes indicating the number of atoms.

I.e. N2O dinitrogen monoxide

P4O10 tetraphosphorus decaoxide

Writing Formulas for Molecular Compounds:

So easy! The prefixes in the names indicate the number of each element.

I.e. carbon tetrachloride CCl4

dinitrogen trioxide N2O3

Properties of Ionic Compounds and Molecular Compounds

Solubility of Molecular Compounds

Acids & Bases

Properties of an Acid Properties of a Base

17
Science 10 Final Review

Naming Acids:

Rules are listed in your data booklet as well.

Ionic Name Acid Name Example

Formula Ionic Name Acid Name
hydrogen ----ide hydro ----ic acid HCl hydrogen hydrochloric
chloride acid
hydrogen ----ate ----ic acid H3PO4 hydrogen phosphoric acid
phosphate
hydrogen ----ite ----ous acid H3PO3 hydrogen phosphorous
phosphite acid

Chemical Reactions

Exothermic Reactions

Release Energy, usually in the form of heat!

C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) + energy

coal + oxygen carbon dioxide + energy

Endothermic Reactions

Absorb energy!

energy + 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) C6H12O6 + 6O2(g)

energy + carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen

(where is this chemical reaction most commonly found?)

18
Science 10 Final Review

Law of Conservation of Mass

Diatomic and Polyatomic Elements

Certain elements do not exist by themselves – they require two of themselves to

exist (these are non metals). Found at the top of the Periodic Table.

Writing Chemical Reactions

Example: Aqueous iron (II) nitrate reacts with aqueous sodium phoshphate. The
products are aqueous sodium nitrate and solid iron (II) phosphate.

1. First write the word equation for the reaction.

Iron (II) nitrate + sodium phosphate sodium nitrate + iron (II) phosphate

2. Next write the skeleton equation for the reaction.

Fe(NO3)2(aq) + Na3PO4(aq) NaNO3(aq) + Fe3(PO4)2(s)

3. First write out the number of reactants and the number of products you have.

Reactants Products
Fe – 1 Fe – 3
N–2 N–1
O – 6 + 4 = 10 O – 3 + 8 = 11
Na – 3 Na – 1
P–1 P-2

4. Now balance by adding coefficients to the front of certain formulas. Remember

you can NOT change the subscripts only the coefficients.

3Fe(NO3)2(aq) + 2Na3PO4(aq) 6NaNO3(aq) + Fe3(PO4)2(s)

Reactants Products
Fe – 1 x 3 = 3 Fe – 3
N–2x3=6 N–1x6=6
O – (6 x 3) + (4 x 2) = 26 O – (3 x6) + 8 = 26
Na – 3 x 2 = 6 Na – 1 x 6 = 6
P–1x2=2 P-2

Five Common Type of Reactions

19
Science 10 Final Review

1. Formation Reactions = two elements combine to form a compound.

Element + Element Compound

A + B AB

I.e. S8(s) + O2(g) SO2(g)

2. Decomposition Reactions = a compound breaks down into two elements

Compound Element + Element

AB A + B

I.e. NaCl(s) Na(s) + Cl2(g)

3. Single Replacement Reactions = an element reacts with an ionic compound
which results with the element ending up in the compound and the original
element in the compound being by itself.

Element + Compound Compound + Element

A + BC AC + B

I.e. Cl2(g) + 2AgBr(s) 2AgCl(s) + Br2(l)

4. Double Replacement Reaction: Two ionic compounds react together switching

their elements to make two new compounds.

Compound + Compound Compound + Compound

AB + CD AD + CB

I.e. Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaI(aq) PbI2(s) + NaNO3(aq)

5. Hydrocarbon Combustion Reaction: contain hydrogen, carbon and oxygen and

always result in carbon dioxide and water as your products.

Hydrocarbon + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water

CxHy + O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(g)

I.e. CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

Predicting Products:

1. Classify the Reaction

20
Science 10 Final Review

2. Predict the names of the products

3. Write the skeleton equation
4. Balance the skeleton equation

I.e. copper (II) + gold(III)chlorate

1. An element with a compound will be single replacement.

2. copper is a metal so it will have to replace gold(III) which is the metal in the
compound.

3. Cu(s) + Au(ClO3)3(aq) Cu(ClO3)2(aq) + Au(s)

4. 3Cu(s) + 2 Au(ClO3)3(aq) 3Cu(ClO3)2(aq) + 2Au(s)

The Mole

Avogadro’s Number = 6.02 x 1023 molecules

n= m n = number of moles
M m = mass (grams)
M = Molar mass (grams per mol)

I.e. How many moles of silver are in a 486 gram sample?

m = 486 g n = 486 g n = 4.5 mols

M = 108 g/m0l 108 g/mol

PHSYICS

Significant Digits

Scientific Notation

Manipulating Formulas

Motion
Uniform Motion (constant velocity i.e. constant speed and direction)
Non-Uniform Motion

Speed

Average speed = distance traveled

change in time

21
 Science 10 Final Review

v =d = dfinal – dinitial
t tfinal – tinitial

v (m/s)
d (m) Rise
Run

t (s) t (s)
Slope = Rise = d
Run t

Slope = speed

Scaler & Vector Quantities

Distance vs. displacement/ speed vs. velocity

Velocity

Average velocity = displacement

change in time

v = = dfinal – dinitial
tfinal – tinitial

v (m/s)
d (m) Rise
Run

t (s) t (s)

Slope = Rise = d Area = b x h

Run t =vxt

Slope = speed Area = distance

Acceleration

22
 Science 10 Final Review

speed
distance

time time
Positive acceleration Negative acceleration
because the slope is because the slope is
increasing. decreasing.

Force

Force = Newtons = kg . m/s2

Net Force = mass x acceleration

Fnet = m x a

Weight

Weight = force due to gravity = Newtons = kg . m/s2

Weight = mass x gravitational acceleration

Fg = mg

g = acceleration due to gravity on Earth’s surface = 9.81 m/s2

Work

For work to be done force and movement must both be going in the same
direction.
Force
Movement

Work = Joules = Newton . m = kg . m/s2 . m

Work = force x distance

W=Fxd

Energy

23
Science 10 Final Review

Work = Joules
Energy = Joules
Work = Change in Energy

W = ΔE

Types of Energy

Potential Energy

Potential energy is stored energy (due to change in position and restoring force).
Potential energy = Joules = kg . m/s2 . m
Potential energy = mass x gravitational acceleration x height

Ep = m g h

Kinetic Energy

Kinetic energy is energy of motion.

Kinetic energy = Joules = kg . m/s2 . m
Kinetic energy = 1 mass x (velocity)2
2
Ek = ½ mv2

Mechanical Energy

Total mechanical energy of an object in motion is potential and kinetic energy

combined.
Mechanical energy = Joules = kg . m/s2 . m
Mechanical energy = Potential energy + Kinetic energy
Em = Ep + Ek
Em = m g h + ½ mv2

Energy is the ability to do work

Work done on an object will change the object’s energy

24
Science 10 Final Review

Pendulum Energy Conversions

Imagine a pendulum swinging between points A & C. Label the types of

energy (Ep, Ek or both) present at points A, B & C.

A C

Laws of Thermodynamics

1. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be transformed from one

form to another or transferred from one object to another.

2. Every energy transformation results in the loss of some useful energy to

unusable heat energy. That is, energy flows from an organized to a
disorganized state, thus increasing entropy.

Efficiency

Efficiency = useful work output x 100%

total work input

No process is 100% efficient. Some energy will always remain in the

form of thermal energy (heat).

Energy Conversions in Technological Systems

25
Science 10 Final Review

2. The reservoir stores water at a higher level than the generator below the
dam, so the water has gravitational potential energy due to its higher
position.
3. Water is the released into the penstock. As it flows down the penstock it
loses gravitational potential energy but gains kinetic energy as it
increases speed.
4. As water reaches the turbines, its kinetic energy pushes the blades of the
turbines. The kinetic energy of the water is converted to kinetic energy
of the turbines.
5. The turbines turn a coil of wire in a magnetic field, which converts the
turbine’s kinetic energy into electrical energy.
6. This electricity is then distributed from the station to our homes.

26