Honors Biology Name: Period:

Midterm Review Guide

Fall 2013
Chapter 1

1.1 What are the six kingdoms?

-Fungi
-Protista
-Archaea
-Animal
-Plant
-Bacteria

1.1 The three domains?

-Archaea
-Bacteria
-Eukarya

1.2 What are the five properties of life?

-Growth and Reproduction
-Cells
-Metabolism
-Homeostasis
-Energy Used and Obtained

1.3 What is the hierarchy of organization? Be able to sequence the order based on increasing complexity.

Cellular Level Organismal Level Population Level

(AMMOC) (TOOO) (SPCE)

Atom Tissue Species

Molecule Organ Population

Macromolecule Organ System Community

Organelle Organism Environment

Cell

Experimental design:
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Midterm Review Guide
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● What does it begin with?
o Starts with an Idea
● Describe what a hypothesis is and its importance.
o If, Then statement that can be tested
● Hypothesis must be _______.
o Hypothesis must be testable
● What is the control and what is its purpose?
o The control stays constant
● Know the order of the scientific process.

Lab Safety
● Know the safety procedures/rules
o Do not touch any equipment, supplies, animals, or other materials without permission from the teacher.
o Horseplay, practical jokes, and pranks will not be tolerated.
o Perform only authorized and approved experiments.
o Never eat, drink, chew gum, or taste anything in the science room.
o Keep hands away from face, eyes, and mouth while using science materials or when working with either
chemicals or animals. Wash your hands with soap and water before leaving the science room.
o Wear safety glasses or goggles when instructed. Never remove safety glasses or goggles during an
experiment.
o Keep your work area and the science room neat and clean.
o Clean all work areas and equipment at the end of the experiment. Return all equipment clean and in
working order to the proper storage area.
o Follow your teacher’s instructions to dispose of any waste materials generated in an experiment.
o Report any accident (fire, spill, breakage, etc.), injury (cut, burn, etc.), or hazardous condition (broken
equipment, etc.) to the teacher immediately
o Dress properly—long hair must be tied back, no dangling jewelry, and no loose or baggy clothing. Wear
aprons when instructed.

Chapter 3
Honors Biology Name: Period:
Midterm Review Guide
Fall 2013
3.1 Be able to determine the behavior of an atom based on its periodic table information.

3.2 Define an ion. What is the term for a positively charged ion? A negatively charged ion?
-Ions are atoms that have a different number of electrons then protons
- Anions are negative ions
- Cations are positive ions

Define and give uses for isotopes

-Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons and electrons but not the same number of protons

3.3 Differentiate between the three types of bonds. Covalent, Ionic, Hydrogen
Covalent bonds: chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms
Ionic bonds:  is the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms. It is a type of chemical bond that
generates two oppositely charged ions
Hydrogen bonds: a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in
one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other.

3.4 polarity.
Explain The two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom within water molecules (H 2O) form polar covalent bonds.
While there is no net charge to a water molecule, the polarity of water creates a slightly positive charge on
hydrogen and a slightly negative charge on oxygen, contributing to water's properties of attraction.

Differentiate between the properties of water. (Cohesion, Adhesion, Capillary action, Surface tension)
Cohesion: sticking together of alike molecules
Adhesion: The force of attraction between unlike molecules
Capillary Action:  the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of, or even in opposition to,
external forces like gravity.
Surface Temperature: the volume increases much faster than does the surface area
What is pH?
Acidity or alkalinity of a solution
What pH is considered acidic? Neutral? Basic?
Neutral: 7 Acidic:1-6 Basic:8-10

3.5 Differentiate between hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis.

The difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis is that in one, bonds are being formed, while in the
other bonds are being destroyed. Dehydration synthesis bonds molecules together by removing water.
In hydrolysis, water is added to the molecules in order to dissolve those bonds.

3.6 What is the difference between an organic molecule and an inorganic molecule?

Organic means that a molecule has a carbon backbone, with some hydrogens thrown in for good measure. Living
creatures are made of various kinds of organic compounds. Inorganic molecules are composed of other elements.
They can contain hydrogen or carbon, but if they have both, they are organic.
Honors Biology Name: Period:
Midterm Review Guide
Fall 2013
3.7 What is a peptide bond? What makes one protein different from another
What is an amino group? A carboxyl group?
Amino Group: The amino group is one of several nitrogen-containing functional groups found in organic molecules.
What distinguishes the amino group is that the nitrogen atom is connected by single bonds to either hydrogen or
carbon.
Peptide Bonds: a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts
with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water (H2O). This is a dehydration synthesis
reaction (also known as a condensation reaction), and usually occurs between amino acids.
Carboxyl group: an organic functional group consisting of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom and
single bonded to a hydroxyl group. ... that has a hydroxyl group (O-H) attached to the carbon atom.

Compound Elements Examples Purpose Monomers

Lipids Hydrogen Testosterone -store -fatty acids

Carbon Nitrogen -burn
Carbohydrates Hydrogen Sucrose -make food monosaccharide
Carbon Oxygen -store
-structure
Protein Hydrogen Asparagine -transport -amino acids
Nitrogen -defend
Carbon -storage
Oxygen
Nucleic acids Hydrogen AGTCU -cellular energy -nucleotides
Nitrogen
Carbon
Oxygen
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Know the structural (pictorial) representation of molecules. (use the Molecule of life packet and your book)
o A typical triglyceride, fatty acid, cholesterol, fatty acid, phospholipids, amino acid, protein, monosaccharide,
disaccharide, polysaccharide, nucleotide.

o List different polysaccharides.

o Saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acids

Saturated fats: have a single bond of carbon (animal fat)
Unsaturated fats: A double bond of carbon

o 3 parts of a nucleotide and the nitrogen bases of DNA and RNA

Chapter 4
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Midterm Review Guide
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4.1 What are the three components of the Cell Theory
1. All cells come from other cells
2. Cells are the basic unit of life
3. Every living things have cells

4.2 What are the components that are embedded in the Plasma Membrane.
The principal components of the plasma membrane are lipids (phospholipids and cholesterol), proteins,
and carbohydrates.

4.3 -4.4 Differentiate between a Prokaryote and a Eukaryote.

4.5-4.8 Cellular organelles (study your Cell analogy table to know the cell part functions.)

● Know what functions are exclusive to Animal cells and Plant cells.
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Midterm Review Guide
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4.9-4.12 Cell Transport

● Differentiate between active and passive transport.
Passive transport doesn't require energy (ATP), active transport does require energy. Passive transport moves
molecules WITH the concentration gradient (high to low), while active transport moves molecules AGAINST the
concentration gradient (Low to High).

● Define diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion.

Osmosis: Diffusion of water through a membrane water moves to the side with more solute
Diffusion: movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration
Facilitated diffusion: High concentration to low by using a transport protein

● Differentiate between hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic. How these conditions affect the movement of water
through a membrane; apply the concept to given situations.
Hypotonic: Less or lower amount of solute (moves into cell)
Hypertonic: More or most amount of solute (water will be moved into the general direction)
Isotonic: same or equal amount of solute (move equally)

● Define exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, primary active transport
and secondary active transport.
Exocytosis: Exporting macromolecules
Endocytosis: importing macromolecules into a cell by forming vesicles
Phagocytosis: The cell eating
Pinocytosis: The cell drinking
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis:
Primary Active Transport: Uses energy to move molecules across the membrane
Secondary Active Transport: Uses energy from primary.
Honors Biology Name: Period:
Midterm Review Guide
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Chapter 5

5.3-5.5 (From you lab research too)

● What is an enzyme?
A protein that helps digest and metabolize

● Know the properties of enzymes.

Enzyme+Enzyme-substrate complex= Enzyme+Product

● What factors affect enzymes? Why?

Temperature and pH level affect enzymes

Define reactant, product, substrate, exergonic, endergonic, catalysis, active site, binding site
Reactant: starting materials of a chemical reaction
Product: the new chemical formed from the chemical reaction
Substrate: The material or substance on which an enzyme acts.
Exergonic: a reaction that loses energy during the process of the reaction
Endergonic: A chemical reaction in which energy is absorbed
Catalysis: he process by which a substance speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed or altered in the
process
Active Site:  the specific region of an enzyme where a substrate binds and catalysis takes place or where chemical
reaction occurs. 
Binding Site:  binding site is a region on a protein or piece of DNA or RNA to which ligands (specific molecules and/or
ions) may form a chemical bond

2
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Chapter 7
7.1 Explain how a prokaryote undergoes cell division.
Mitosis- six parts of the cell cycle
Cytokinesis-finish

7.2 Explain the six phases of the Cell Cycle.

7.3 Explain how chromosomes are organized. BE SPECIFIC.

• The DNA helix is wrapped around positively-charged proteins, called histones
• 200 nucleotides of DNA coil around a core of eight histones, forming a nucleosome
• The nucleosomes coil into solenoids
• Solenoids are then organized into looped domains
• The looped domains appear to form rosettes on scaffolds

7.4 Explain the phases of mitosis.

-Interphase: beginning of mitosis
-Proface: Condenses chromosomes
-Metaphase: Line up at center spindle fibers form
-Anaphase: Sister Chromatids are pulled apart by microtubules to opposite ends of the cell
-Telophase: opposite of proface
-Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm finishes pinching off, resulting in two complete and identical daughter cells
Define Apoptosis.
Programmed cell death occurs sometimes E.g. finger webbing in fetus, sunburned epithelium

7.5 Explain how the cell cycle is controlled and what each checkpoint is assessing.
Cellular material replicates in preparation for cell division
G1 phase – cell growth
S phase – genetic material replicates
G2 phase – additional cell growth
7.6
Explain what cancer is.
Cancer is unrestrained cell growth and division the result is a cluster of cells termed a tumor

Define metastases, mutation, proto-oncogenes, oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes.

7.7 Proto-oncogenes: Encode proteins that simulate cell division
If mutated, they become oncogenes
Tumor-suppressor genes: Encode proteins that inhibit cell division Cancer can be caused by chemicals, radiation or
even some viruses
Benign tumors: Encapsulated and noninvasive
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Malignant tumors: Not encapsulated and invasive