SCIENCE 10 REVIEWER

LESSON 1 – BEHAVIOR OF GASES

 The Kinetic Molecular Theory explains the properties and behavior of gases in terms of their particles.
 The state of gas can be described in terms of its pressure (P), volume (V), and temperature (T). Certain
relationships exist between pairs of variables and describe how one variable changes in response to
variations of another variable while keeping the third variable constant.
 Boyle’s law states that at a constant temperature, the pressure and the volume of a gas have an inversely
proportional relationship.
 Charles’s law states that at constant pressure, the temperature and the volume of a gas have a directly
proportional relationship.
 The general property of gases is how they exert pressure.
 Gas particles as described by the Kinetic Molecular Theory are:
They are far apart
They are in constant motion.
They have the same kinetic energy at a given temperature.
 The temperature-volume relationship of a gas at constant pressure is Volume increases as Temperature
increases.
 The pressure-volume relationship of a gas at constant temperature is Volume increases as Pressure
decreases.
 The property of a gas is kept constant in Charles’s Law by Pressure.
 The best explanation about the Pressure-Volume relationship of a gas at constant temperature is at the time
when decreasing the volume of a gas decreases the space for its particles, increasing their frequency of
collision with the walls of the container.
 The temperature of a gas is increased; thus, the kinetic energy of its particles is also increased. So, the gas on
its pressure will make the volume increase.

LESSON 2 – BIOMOLECULES

 Biological molecules or biomolecules an organic molecule that includes carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and
nucleic acids. Each classification serves a specific function in living things.

BIOMOLECULE DESCRIPTION ELEMENT POSITION EXAMPLES


Carbohydrates Main sources of energy
Carbon, hydrogen, and
Lipids Serve as energy reserves
Serve as transporters of
Proteins substances within the
body
Store genetic information
Nucleic Acids and are used in protein
synthesis
Carbon, hydrogen, and
Glucose, starch
oxygen
Fats, steroids
oxygen
Carbon, hydrogen,
Proteins that act as
oxygen, nitrogen, and
enzymes, antibodies
sulfur
Carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, and DNA, RNA
phosphorus

 Carbohydrates – also called sugars, carbohydrates may be further classified as monosaccharides,

disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
 Monosaccharides and disaccharides are referred to as simple sugars because they contain only one and two
carbohydrates only one and two carbohydrates units, respectively. Polysaccharides are complex sugars with
three or more carbohydrate units.
 Monosaccharides are the simplest forms of carbohydrates. The most common monosaccharides are glucose,
galactose, and fructose whose structural formulas. It can easily be used by the body cells because of their
simple structure.
 Glucose is the primary form of sugar utilized by the cells as a source of energy.
 Galactose and fructose must be covered in glucose before they can be used by the cells.
 Galactose is found in milk and other dairy products while Fructose is the sweetest sugar, is derived from
fruits and vegetables.
 The condensation reaction is a process where one hydroxyl group of each two monosaccharide unit reacts
to forms an oxygen bridge between them and release a water molecule.
 Maltose is composed of two glucose units, while lactose is made up of glucose and galactose units. As
energy sources, all disaccharides are first broken down into their monosaccharides units, which are then
processed in the body.
 Polysaccharides are made up of multiple monosaccharide units. The most important polysaccharides are
starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
 Starch may be a linear chain called amylase, or a branched chain called amylopectin. It is the storage form
of sugar in plants.
 Glycogen is a highly branched chain of glucose units. It is the storage form of sugar in animals and humans
and is concentrated in the muscled and liver.
 Cellulose is an unbranched chain of glucose units. It is the main structural component of plants; it makes up
the plant cell walls. The most common form of cellulose is wood and cotton.
 Lipids are a group of organic molecules that are generally insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar
solvents, such as soils. They include fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids.
 Fats and oils are esters formed from the condensation reaction of glycerol.
 Proteins generally consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, although some have sulfur. It is
generally composed of antibodies and biological enzymes.
 Nucleic acids are biomolecules that consist of a sequence of nucleotide units. A nucleotide unit is composed
of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The nucleic acids in the body are
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). It makes up the genetic material in living things.
 All biomolecules have in common the elements of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
 Lipids are biomolecules that are generally insoluble in water and may contain fatty acids. It serves as a
stored form of energy for long-term use.
 Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
 There are two monosaccharide units in lactose molecules.

BIOMOLECULES EXAMPLES STRUCTURE

Adenine

Uracil
 Deoxyribose

Cytosine

LESSON III – CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Physical Change involves a change in shape, size, or physical state of matter but not its composition.

Chemical Change involves a change in the composition of matter as a result of a chemical reaction.

Chemical Reaction is a process where reactants are transformed into other substances. It always involves the
production of new substances.

Law of Conservation of Mass – the total mass of the reactants is equal to the total mass of the products.

Chemical Equation is a written representation of a chemical reaction.

Chemical reactions may speed up or slow down due to certain factors:

1. Concentration of Reactant

 Concentration refers to the amount of substance per unit volume of the mixture.

2. Temperature – a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of matter. The greater the energy
possessed by the particles, the higher the probability of successful collisions between them, and the faster the
reaction.
3. Surface Area

 It increases as the surface area of solid reactants increases the area for contact and collision with other
reactants.

4. Presence of Catalyst

 Catalyst can speed up reaction rates.