FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

 Hydrocarbons- are made up of only carbon and Hydrogen atoms.

 Alkanes – they only have single bonds. It is also known as Saturated
hydrocarbons.
 Alkenes- hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon to carbon
double bonds.
 Alkynes- hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon to carbon
triple bond.
 Alcohols- are organic compounds in which the Hydroxyl functional
group (-OH) is bound to a carbon atom.
 Carboxylic Acid – is an organic compound in which a Carbon is bonded
to an Oxygen by a double bond and to a Hydroxyl group by a single
bond.
 Ester – is an organic compound made y replacing Hydrogen of an acid
by an alkyl or other organic group.
 Ketones – are organic compounds in which incorporate a carbonyl
functional group, a double bonded oxygen attached to a carbon.
 Aldehyde – are organic compounds in which a Carbon atom shares a
double bond with an Oxygen atom and a single bond with a hydrogen
atom.
 ISOMERS
 Isomers – one of two compounds that have the same chemical formula but different
arrangements of the atoms within the molecules and that may have different
physical/chemical property.
 Constitutional Isomers – isomers that have the same molecular
formulas but they have different connectivities.
 Stereoisomers – is a form of isomerism in which molecules have the
same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms, but differ in
the three-dimensional orientations of their atoms.

CIS TRANS
 MOLECULE POLARITY MELTING BOILING POINT SOLUBILITY
POINT
Cis Polar Lower Higher Higher
Trans Non polar Higher Lower Lower

SIMPLE REACTIONS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

 Combustion – it releases huge amount of heat and produces carbon dioxide and
water.
 Hydrogenation – an example of an addition reaction where Hydrogen is added to
compounds containing double bonds usually in the presence of a catalyst. It is very
important in the food industry specially vegetable oils.
 Substitution reaction – an atoms or group of atoms replaces an atom or group of
atoms in another molecule.
 Condensation – it is characterized by the joining of two molecules and the elimination
of small molecule (usually water).
 Saponification – it is when an Ester reacts with an aqueous NaOH solution to produce
back the Carboxylic Acid and the Alcohol. This reaction originates in soapmaking.
POLYMERS
 Polymers – are large molecular compounds made up of monomers. They are
sometimes called macromolecules because of their high molar masses.
 Natural – it occurs in nature. (ex: starch, cellulose, proteins, rubber)

 Synthetic – man made and synthesized in the lab. (ex: Polyethylene,

nylon, plexiglass and lucite)
 Polymerization – it is the chemical reaction by which monomers are linked together.
 Addition Polymerization – it is when the entire monomers become part
of the polymer. It involves molecules with double bonds or triple bonds.
Three steps: Initiation --- Propagation --- Termination
 Condensation Polymerization – it is formed through a condensation
reaction. It occurs when the monomers join together at the same time
losing a small molecule like water.

POLYMERS ACCORDING TO STRUCTURE

 Linear polymers – it is a polymer where the arrangement of atoms is like a long chain
referred to as the backbone.
  Branched polymers – it is a polymer that is more flexible and less dense than straight
chained polymers.
 Cross-linked polymers – it is the formation of covalent bonds which hold portions of
several polymer chains together.
PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS ACCORDING TO STRUCTURE
LINEAR BRANCHED CROSS LINKED
Long chains of polymer Branches on main chain Linear chains connected in
stacked over each other. 3D
It is well packed Not well stacked Insoluble
High melting point, tensile Insoluble Chemically inert
strength & density
Soluble in organic solvent Chemically inert Hard, rigid, & brittle
BIOMOLECULES
 Carbohydrates – are compounds made up of Hydrogen, Carbon & Oxygen. It
functions as the energy source of the body.
 Monosaccharides – one sugar per unit molecule. (ex: Glucose, Fructose)

 Disaccharides – two sugar units per molecule. (ex: Sucrose, Lactose)

 Polysaccharides – many sugar units per molecule. (ex: Cellulose, Starch)

 Proteins – are natural polymers. They are very large molecules that are critical for the
functions of the human body. A Peptide Bond is the linkage of the two amino acids
through the process of condensation.
 Antibodies – these are the molecules of the immune system and
involved in defending the body against antigens.
 Contractile proteins – responsible for body movements such as muscle
contraction.
 Enzymes – proteins that catalyze or facilitate biochemical reactions.

 Hormonal Proteins – serve as the messenger proteins to help

coordinate some body functions.
 Structural proteins – fibrous and provide support.

 Storage Proteins – store amino acids like casein in milk.

 Transport Proteins – are carrier proteins which move molecules from

one place to another in the body.
 Lipids – are class of naturally organic compounds distinguished by their solubility in
an organic solvent. They are hydrophobic, non polar and made up mostly of
 hydrocarbon chains.
 Fats & oils – fat molecules have two parts: glycerol (backbone) & three
fatty acid chains. The resulting molecule is triglyceride.
 Fatty acids – consists of long hydrocarbon chains (about 12-18
carbons) attached to a carboxyl group.
 Saturated fatty acids – contains only single Carbon to Carbon
bonds because the carbon atoms are Saturated or filled up with
hydrogen.
 Unsaturated fatty acids – contain carbon to carbon double
bonds. There is also a presence of geometric isomers (Cis &
Trans).
 Nucleic Acids – are natural polymers with very large molar masses. They are made up
of a monomer called nucleotides.
 DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) – it carries genetic information passed on
from parents to children.
 RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) – it plays an important role in protein synthesis.

DNA RNA
Functions Repository of genetic Involved in protein synthesis
information
Structure Double helix Single-strands
Sugar used Deoxyribose Ribose
Bases used Cytosine, Thymine, Adenine, Cytosine, Uracil, Adenine.
Guanine Guanine