“Biochemistry” with glycerol).
with glycerol). Lipids also include steroids, hormones, and
 Energy and Living Cell
Biochemistry is the chemistry of living things and life
processes. Every cell is enclose in a cell membrane, through
which it gains nutrients and gets rid of waste.
Plant cells have walls made of cellulose. Animal cells do not
have cell walls.
Nucleus, the largest interior structure of a cell.
Ribosomes, where photosynthesis takes place.
Mitochondria, “cell’s batteries.”
Cloroplasts, only found in plant cells, this is where the
energy from the sun is converted into chemical energy and is
stored in the form of carbohydrates.
Metabolism is the set of chemical is the set of chemical
reactions that keep cells alive.
Two classes of metabolic reaction
1. Anabolism 2. Catabolism
 Carbohydrates: A Storehouse of Energy
Carbohydrates is polyhydroxy aldehvdes or ketones
compound that can be hydrolyzed (split by water). It has 3
elements carbon,hydrogen and oxygen.
2 simple Carbohydrates
1. ) Monosaccharides is the simplest form of sugar and a type
of carbohydrate that cannot be hydrolyzed.
3 dietary Monosaccharides
1. Glucose 2. Galactose 3. Fructose
2. ) Disaccharides is a carbohydrate whose molecules can be
hydrolyzed to yield two monosaccharide units.
2 examples of Disaccharides
1. Sucrose 2. Lactose
 Fats and Other Lipids
A lipid is a cellular component that is insoluble on water
and soluble in solvents of low polarity. Lipids include solid
fats and liquid oils; both are triglycerides (esters pf fatty acids
relationships between amino-acid units that are relatively
fatty acids (long-chain carboxylic acids).
A fat is an ester of fatty acids ang glycerol. Fats may be
saturated (all carbon-to-carbon bonds in the fatty acid are
single bonds), monosaturated (one C=C), or polyunsaturated
(more than onr C=C. The iodine number of a fat or oil is the
mass in grams of iodine that reacts with 100 g of the fat or
oil. Oils tend to have higher iodine numbers than fats because
there are more double bonds in oils
 Proteins: Polymers of Amino Acids
Proteins are polymers made out of amino acids. They're
naturally occurring, meaning they're made by animals, plants,
bugs, fungi, and other living things. Proteins have
polypeptide molecules, which are natural polymers made
from various amino acid monomer units.
Nucleic acids are huge natural polymers made up of millions
of nucleotide units.
Amino Acids are linked by peptide bonds to form
Polypeptide Chains.  Proteins are linear polymers
formed by linking the α-carboxyl group of one amino
acid to the α-amino group of another amino acid with
a peptide bond (also called an amide bond).
 Structure and Function of Proteins
 Primary structure. Amino acids are linked by peptide
bonds to form polypeptide chains. The primary structure
of a protein molecule is simply the order of its amino
acids. By convention, this order is written from the
amino (N-terminal end) to the carboxyl (C-terminal
end).
Ex. Asp–Arg–Val–Tyr–Ile–His–Pro–Phe
 Secondary structure. Polypeptide chains can fold into
regular structures such as the alpha helix and the beta
pleated sheet.
2 Types: beta (β) pleated sheet
alpha (α) helix
 Tertiary structure. Protein folding creates spatial
far apart in the protein chain.
Ex. Protein chain in a globular protein
 Quaternary structure. Two or more polypeptide chains
can assemble into multiunit structures.
Ex. Hemoglobin
Enzymes as Catalyst
Enzymes are biological catalysts. In operation, the
reacting substance, or substrate, attaches to the active site of
the enzyme to form a complex, which then decomposes to the
products.
Cofactor a chemical component which is necessary for proper
function of the enzyme
Coenzyme an organic cofactor and are nonprotein
Apoenzyme pure protein part of an enzyme
 Nucleic Acids: Parts, Structure, and Function
Nucleic Acid is the information and control centers of a cell.
Nucleotide, any member of a class of organic compounds in
which the molecular structure comprises a nitrogen
-containing unit (base) linked to a sugar and a phosphate
group.
Polymers of nucleotides
-RNA (Ribonucleic acid) -DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
Double helix is the description of the structure of a DNA
molecule. A DNA molecule consists of two strands that wind
around each other like a twisted ladder. Each strand has a
backbone made of alternating groups of sugar (deoxyribose)
and phosphate groups.
Attached to each sugar is one of four bases:
-adenine (A), -cytosine (C),
-guanine (G), -or thymine (T).
 RNA: Protein and the Genetic Code
 Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) act as a messanger carrying
instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of
proteins.
Transcription is segment of DNA called the templete
strand transfers its information to a special molecule called
messenger RNA (mRNA)

messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic information

copied from DNA in the form of a series of three-base code
words, eac of which specifies a particular amino acid.

transfer RNA (tRNA) is the key to deciphering the code

words in mRNA

ribosomal RNA (rRNA) associates with a set of proteins to

form ribosomes.

 The Human Genome

Human Genome Project was completed in 2003 at a cost of

about $2.7 billion. We can now read the complete genetic
blueprint for a human.

Recombinant DNA is DNA that has been created artificially.

Gene theraphy - replacement of defective genes and could be
used to cure diseases. Genetics engineering holds gret
promise and carries with it great responsibility.