BIOMOLECULE

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INTRODUCTION:

 Chemicals or molecules present in the living organisms are

known as Biomolecules.
 The sum total of different types of biomolecules, compounds
and ions present in a cell is called as cellular pool.
 Biomolecules are compounds of carbon. Hence the chemistry
of living organisms is organized around carbon.
 Carbon is the most versatile and the most predominant
element of life.
• Biomolecule, also called biological molecule, any of numerous substances that
are produced by cells and living organisms. Biomolecules have a wide range of
sizes and structures and perform a vast array of functions. The four major
types of biomolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.
 The major complex biomolecules of cells

Biomolecule Building block Major functions

Protein Amino acid Basic structure and

function of cell

DNA Deoxyribonucleotide Hereditary information

RNA Ribonucleotide Protein synthesis

Polysaccharide Monosaccharide Storage form of energy

Lipids Fatty acids & glycerol Storage form of energy to

meet long term demands
DNA:
 The DNA structure can be thought of as a twisted ladder. This
structure is described as a double-helix. It is a nucleic acid, and
all nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides.
 The basic building blocks of DNA are nucleotides, which are
composed of a sugar group, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen
base. The sugar and phosphate groups link the nucleotides
together to form each strand of DNA. Adenine (A), Thymine
(T), Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C) are four types of nitrogen
bases.
 These 4 Nitrogenous bases pair together in the following
way: A with T, and C with G. These base pairs are essential for
the DNA’s double helix structure.
 The order of the nitrogenous bases determines the genetic code
or the DNA’s instructions.
RNA
 The ribonucleic acid has all the components same to that of the DNA with only 2 main
differences within it. RNA has the same nitrogen bases called the adenine, Guanine,
Cytosine as that of the DNA except for the Thymine which is replaced by the uracil.
 RNA resembles a hairpin structure and like the nucleotides in DNA, nucleotides are
formed in this ribonucleic material(RNA). Nucleosides are nothing but the phosphate
groups which sometimes also helps in the production of nucleotides in the DNA.
 There are 3 main types of RNA molecules present : tRNA – Transfer RNA, rRNA-
Ribosomal RNA, mRNA – Messenger RNA.
Carbohydrates:
 Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic molecules in nature.
 The term carbohydrate is derived from the French term hydrate de
carbone i.e. it is a hydrate of carbon or Cn(H20)n.
 Carbohydrates are defined as organic substances having C, H & 0
Wherein H and O are in the ratio 2:1 as found in H20.
 FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES :
 Most abundant source of energy (4 Cal/g).
 Precursors for many organic compounds (fats, amino acids).
 Present as glycoproteins and glycolipids in the cell membrane and
functions such as cell growth and fertilization.
 Present as structural components like cellulose in plants,
exoskeleton of some insects, cell wall of microorganisms.
 Storage form of energy (glycogen) to meet the energy demands of
the body.
Protein:
 Most abundant organic molecules of the living system.
 They form about 50% of the dry weight of the cell.
 They are most important for the architecture and functioning
of the cell. Proteins are polymers of amino acids.
 Proteins on complete hydrolysis yields Amino Acids.
 There are 21 standard amino acids which are repeatedly
found in the structure of proteins - animal, plant or microbial.
Collagen is the most abundant animal protein and Rubisco is
the most abundant plant protein.
 Protein Synthesis is controlled by DNA.
 Amino acids are group of organic compounds having 2
functional groups (-NH2) and (-COOH). Amino Group (-NH2)
group is basic whereas (-COOH) is Carboxylic Acid, R Group
a - carbon Side Chain.
Lipids:
 Lipids are the chief concentrated storage form of energy forming about
3.5% of the cell content.
 Lipids are organic substances relatively insoluble in water but soluble in
organic solvents (alcohol, ether)
 Functions : 1. They are the concentrated fuel reserve of the body.
2. Lipids are constituents
of membrane structure and regulate the membrane permeability.
3.
They serve as source of fat soluble vitamins
4. Lipids are important cellular
metabolic regulators 5.
Lipids protect the internal organs and serve as insulating materials
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