Biological

Macromolecules
Every living organism is made
up of

Cell

the very tiny units of life

Four Classes of Macromolecules

Carbohydrates
forming a
Protein chainlike
Lipids structure called
polymers
Nucleic Acid
Activity 1. Carbohydrates
Study the structure and answer the question below.
 Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are one of the macromolecules

which contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
only with a ratio 1:2:1

This can be written as CnH2nOn, where n

corresponds to the number of carbon atoms.
 Carbohydrates

comes from the Latin word saccharum

which means sugar
Classification of Carbohydrates

monosaccharides
Simple sugar
disaccharides

polysaccharides Complex sugar

 Monosaccharides

sugar with one saccharide units

Glucose used as dextrose and sugar found

in blood)

Galactose (found in milk and other milk

products)
(sugar found in fruits and
Fructose
honey)
 Monosaccharides

sugar with one saccharide units

they have the same
Glucose
molecular formula but
different structural
isomers formula
Galactose

Fructose
So what if they have different
structures???

that made also difference in their

properties
 boiling point galactose has higher
boiling point than glucose

 Glucose is sweeter than galactose

Disaccharides

sugar with two saccharide unit

joined by a glycosidic bond.
Disaccharides

formed from 2 Glucose units and

Maltose
is found in malt

found in regular table sugar contains

Sucrose
glucose and fructose units

found in milk and milk products is a

Lactose disaccharide containing Glucose and
Galactose units
Polysaccharides

sugar contains many saccharide

units

Starch storage form of glucose in plants

the structural material in plant cell

Cellulose
wall
Polysaccharides
 Protein

 believed to be the beginning of life, It comes

from the Greek word proteios which means first

Carbon
Hydrogen elements that make up a
Oxygen protein
Nitrogen
 Protein

macromolecules that are made from

multiple units of simple molecules called
amino acids
 Protein
 Combination of 20 amino acid
joined by a peptide bond

 Thus, proteins are called polypeptides

 Examples of Proteins

Collagen

found in connective tissues such

as tendons, ligaments, skin,
cartilage and the cornea of the eye.
 Examples of Proteins

Fibroin/Silk protein

one of the strongest natural fibers

found in silk
 Examples of Proteins

Keratin

a fibrous protein that helps form

hair, skin, and nails outer layer
(epidermis)
 Examples of Proteins

Myoglobin

contains a heme group contains an iron

(II) ion at its center where oxygen is being
stored.
 Examples of Proteins

Hemoglobin

is a globular protein that carries oxygen from

the lungs to the bloodstream
 Examples of Proteins

substances that catalyze a reaction

Enzymes

 Lipase - help in digestion of fats

 Pepsin - help in breaking down proteins into

peptides (smaller units)

 Sucrase - help in the digestion of sugars and

starches
 Lipids

Lipids come from the Greek word lipos

meaning fat

Lipids are family of biomolecules group together

because of its property of being hydrophobic
(water-fearing)
 Lipids

are non-polar molecules making it soluble to

non-polar solvents like acetone, ether and
benzene
 Fatty Acid

chain-like molecule containing a long chain

of carboxylic acid

saturated unsaturated
(contains single (contains double bond).
bonds)
 Saturated Fatty Acid

straight chain where all the carbon atoms in the chain

have two hydrogen singly bonded to making the
molecules to form a strong attraction
 Saturated Fatty Acid

saturated fatty acid have high

melting point and are solid at
room temperature
 Unsaturated Fatty Acid

tends to bend due to the presence of a double

bond in one of the carbon in the chain.
 Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Unsaturated fatty acids have low

melting points than saturated fatty
acids
 Categories of Lipids

Triglycerides
Are lipids that contain glycerol backbone
and 3 fatty acids.
Categories of Lipids

Triglycerides
Fats are usually from animal
sources contain mostly saturated
fatty acid making it solid at room
temperature

Oil refers to a triglyceride from plant

sources. It contains unsaturated fatty acid
and is liquid at room temperature.
 Categories of Lipids

Phospholipids

another type of
lipids that
contains
glycerol, 2-fatty
acids, and a
phosphate group
 Nucleic Acid

 important macromolecules that serve

as storage of genetic information of
the cell.
 It is made up of nucleotide monomers that
contain a nitrogenous base, a pentose
sugar, and a phosphate group
 Nucleic Acid
 It is made up of nucleotide monomers that
contain a nitrogenous base, a pentose
sugar, and a phosphate group
 Nucleic Acid

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), the blueprint of

life carries the genetic material and
provides information for its own
replication
 Nucleic Acid
DNA
It is a double helix
structure composed of a
sugar and phosphate
backbone and
complementary bases
Adenine-Thymine and
Cytosine-Guanine pair.
 Nucleic Acid

RNA (ribonucleic acid) on the other hand,

carries the information from DNA for
protein synthesis.
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 3 types of RNA
Transfer RNA (tRNA)