Presented by: JAN RONNEL C.

ACADEMIA
1. Identify the major categories of biomolecules

2. Explain how the structures of biological

macromolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids,
nucleic acid, and proteins determine their
properties and functions.
3. Cite the importance of biomolecules in our life.
Biological macromolecules are large molecules,
necessary for life, that are built from smaller organic
molecules.

There are four major classes of biological macromolecules

Carbohydrates Lipids
Proteins Nucleic acids

Each is an important cell component and performs a

wide array of functions. Combined, these molecules
make up the majority of a cell’s dry mass (recall that
water makes up the majority of its complete mass).
They’re Organic!!!
Meaning they all contain
hydrocarbons…Carbon atoms (with
attached Hydrogens!) Other elements
may include Oxygen, Nitrogen,
Phosphorus and Sulfur

Carbon has four valence electrons, which means that

this element forms a strong covalent bonds with
many other elements.
 Macromolecule
🡪 We’re looking at
s
Polymers are made up of many single units called
“Mono” means one
SO… a polymer is
made up of many
monomers!!
▪ Formally known as Saccharides
▪ The major source of energy for the body
(4 calories per gram)
▪ The general empirical structure for
carbohydrates
▪ The main function is to supply the cells
with “instant energy”
 FUNCTIONS
▪ Carbohydrates along with being the chief energy
source, in many animals, are instant sources of energy.
Glucose is broken down by glycolysis/Kreb’s cycle to
yield ATP
▪ Carbohydrates are intermediates in the biosynthesis of
fats and proteins.

▪ Carbohydrates aid in the regulation of nerve tissue and

the energy source for the brain.
▪ In animals, they are an important constituent of
connective tissue
▪ Carbohydrates that are rich in fiber content help to
prevent constipation.
 From the prefix “mono” which means one, monosaccharide is
the simplest sugar and the basic subunit of a carbohydrate. These
compounds are white solids at room temperature.

dextrose levulose
▪ Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharides that are
chemically combined
- The sugar we use to sweeten coffee is a disaccharide. It is also called
sucrose or table sugar.
▪ Another important disaccharide is Lactose or milk sugar.
Lactose is made up of a sugar called galactose and glucose.
▪ When two glucose molecules are combined, maltose is formed.
- Maltose (or malt sugar) is an intermediate in the intestinal digestion
(i.e., hydrolysis) of glycogen and starch, and is found in germinating
grains (and other plants and vegetables)
▪ are polymers containing numerous monosaccharide monomers

▪ STARCH – is a polysaccharide assembled from the simple sugar

glucose. And the most important source of carbohydrate in human
nutrition
▪ GLYCOGEN – similar to starch because it is also composed of alpha
glucose units. It differs from starch since glycogen shows a high
degree of branching and is made by animals.
▪ CELLULOSE – glucose molecules are arranged in such a way that
hydrogen bonds link hydroxyl groups forming an insoluble fibrous
sheets (basic components of plants).
Amino acids
▪ are the building blocks of proteins

Properties
▪ Proteins are chiral molecules
▪ There is an internal transfer of a
hydrogen ion from the -COOH group to
the -NH2 group to leave an ion with both
a negative charge and a positive charge.
This is called a zwitterion.
 Non-essential amino acids
Essential amino acids
Alanine
Asparagine
Valine Aspartate
Isoleucine
Leucine Arginine
Lysine Glutamine
Methionine Tyrosine Conditionally
Phenylalanine Cysteine
Threonine Essential
Glycine
Tryptophan Proline amino acids
Histidine Serine
Ornithine
▪ The chief concentrated storage form of
energy forming about 3.5% of the cell
content
▪ Lipids are organic substance relatively
insoluble in water but soluble in
organic solvents (alcohol).
▪ They are water insoluble molecules
(hydrophobic or water-fearing) that
are composed of carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen.
The Functions of Lipids in the Body

▪ Storing Energy

▪ Regulating and Signaling

▪ Insulating and Protecting
▪ Aiding Digestion and Increasing
Bioavailability
▪ FATTY ACIDS
▪ TRIGLYCERIDES
▪ STEROIDS
▪ WAXES
Fatty acids are carboxylic acids (or organic
acid), usually with long aliphatic tails (long
chains), either unsaturated or saturated

Saturated fatty acids

Lack of carbon-carbon double bonds

indicate that the fatty acid is saturated.

Unsaturated fatty acids

Is indicated when a fatty acid has more than
one double bond.
The most abundant of the lipids are the fats
and oils, also called triglycerides.

Fats
Solid at room temperature and
contain saturated fatty acids
Produced only by animals
Oils
Liquid at room temperature
and contain unsaturated fatty
acids
Produced only by plants
Steroids are another class of lipids whose
molecules are composed of fused rings of
atoms.

The most important steroid is cholesterol

Steroids are characterized by 4 ring
structure
Steroids are found in the cell membrane,
where they influence the membrane’s
fluidity.
They can also act as hormones in the
body.
Steroids are commonly found in hormones like:
Waxes are lipids that come from the combinations
of a long-chain alcohol and a fatty acid.

Waxes are esters made of an alcohol

chain and a fatty acid chain.
Many plants have wax-covered leaves to
prevent water loss

Fur of a few animals and the feathers of

birds possess same coatings serving as
water repellants.
Carnauba wax is known for its water
resistance and toughness (significant for
car wax).
1. Bees wax: secretion of abdominal glands of
worker honey bees.
2. Lanolin or wool fat: secretion of cutaneous
glands and obtained from the wool of sheep
3. Sebum: secretion of sebaceous glands of skin
4. Cerumen: soft and brownish waxy secretion of
the glands in the external auditory canal. Also called
as earwax.
5. Plant wax: coating formed on the plant organs
to prevent transpiration.
6. Paraffin wax: A translucent waxy substance
obtained from petroleum.
▪ are the genetic material of the cell and
are composed of recurring monomeric
units called nucleotides.

• Each nucleotide is comprised of

three principal components:
❑ 5-carbon pentose sugar (pentagon)
❑ Phosphate group (circle)
❑ Nitrogenous base (rectangle)
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
DNA found mainly in the cell nuclei
contains the genetic information that
codes for the sequences of amino acids in
proteins
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

RNA is found in many places in the cell

and carries out the synthesis
▪ The monomers of
nucleic acids are
nucleotides. They are
made up of three
parts: a five-carbon
sugar (pentose), a
phosphate group, and
a ring-shaped base
containing nitrogen.
Facts About COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines

✔ COVID-19 mRNA vaccines cannot give Anatomy of Covid-19 Virus

someone the virus that causes
COVID-19 or other viruses.
✔ They do not affect or interact with our
DNA in any way.
✔ The mRNA and the spike protein don’t
last long in the body.

TAKE NOTE: COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines

Have Been Rigorously Evaluated for
Safety