Unit 7

BIOLOGICA
MacroMolecules
L

Table of 01 02
Contents Carbohydrates Protein

03 04
Lipids Nucleic
Acid
 Objectives:
1.D i s t i n g u i s h b e t w e e n
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
and nucleic acids;
2.S u m m a r i z e t h e g e n e r a l
characteristics of each
biomolecule; and
3.Relate the structures of the
biomolecules with their
properties.
Biological
Molecules
Organic compounds
made by living things.
Biological
Molecules
There are thousands of
different biomolecules,
but are separated into
4 categories.
 BIOLOGICAL
Macromolecules

Carbohydrates Protein Lipids Nucleic

Acid
Carbohydrates
The word carbohydrate may
be broken down to carbon
and hydrate. Another term
for carbohydrate is
saccharide.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are the
primary energy source
of the human body.
Carbohydrates
Simple Sugar Complex Sugar
MONOSACCHARIDES POLYSACCHARIDES
DISACCHARIDES
Carbohydrates
The different saccharides that
humans eat are converted to
glucose which can be readily
used by the body.
Carbohydrates
The excessive consumption
of carbohydrates is converted
to glycogen which is stored
in the liver and in muscles.
 Monosaccharide
Write your subtitle here

Galactose
Glucose Found in milk and
Fructose
Used in dextrose, blood Found in fruits and
milk products
sugar; the form utilized by
honey
the human body

 Disaccharides
Write your subtitle here

Sucrose
Maltose Found ion regular table
Lactose
Found in malt Found in milk and
sugar, sugarcane, and
sugar beet milk products
Carbohydrates
Disaccharides and Polysaccharides
consist of two monosaccharides joined
together by a glycosidic bond.
 Polysaccharides
Write your subtitle here

Starch/ Amylopectin Glycogen

Storage form of glucose
Cellulose
Amylose Storage form of
Structural material in
glucose in plant in animals
Storage form of
plant
glucose in plant
s

Carbohydrates
Examples
They are
made from Rice, cereal,
carbon, potatoes,
hydrogen, and pasta
and oxygen.
Function
Monomer Main energy
Saccharides source of the
body
Did you know?
Marathon runners, tri-athletes, cyclists like Lance
Armstrong, and other endurance runners eat
carbohydrates for weeks leading up to a big event.
They call it “carbo-loading”. Even high school
athletes occasionally have “pasta feeds” the night
before a big game. What’s the point? As the athletes
consume massive amounts of starch and pasta, the
energy begins to store up in their body, saving itself
for use during the event.
 ciently,
1 gram of fat
contains about
twice the energy
as 1 gram of But unlike
carbohydrate. carbohydrates, fats
are more complex
& take much
longer to break
down.
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 Lipids also serve other
functions such as material
for cell membrane, insulation
to maintain body
temperature, aid in digestion,
and as signal molecules.
Lipids
 Pheromones are chemical signals
that are given off by organisms that
can trigger a variety of reactions in
the organisms that receive them.

Many pheromones are directed

towards the members of the same
species, but some are targeted for
Lipids other species.

 Classification of Lipids
Write your subtitle here

Phospholipid Wax
Triglyceride Storage form of glucose
Steroid
Storage form of
glucose in plant in animals Structural material in
Storage form of
plant
glucose in plant
s

 The lipid family is one of

the most varied in terms
of structur e but they
share the common
property of being
Lipids insoluble in water.
 Refers to solid triglyceride
usually from animal
sources such as meat,
milk, butter, margarine,
eggs, and cheese.
Fat
and Oil
 Refers to liquid triglycerides
from plant sources.
Examples are olive oil, corn
oil, sunflower oil, and
soybean oil.
Fat
and Oil
 Saturated Fat
• only single bonds in the carbon chain
• Most animal fats
• “bad”fats
• Diets high in saturated fat are linked to heart disease

Lipids
 Unsaturated Fat
•one or more double bonds in the carbon chain
•Most oils from plants
•“good”fats

Lipids
Lipids
Lipids
 Examples
They are
Fats and oil
Lipids

made from
carbon,
hydrogen, Function
and oxygen. Long term
storage of
Monomer energy in the
body
Fatty Acid
 Protein Proteins were once thought
of as biomolecules
representing the
“beginning” of life.

The word protein comes

from the Greek word
proteious which means
rst.
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Building Blocks
of Protein Amino acids are a
protein’s building blocks.

They contain two

functional groups: the
basic amino group and
the acidic carboxylic
group.

Essential Amino
Acid
●There are 20 amino acids
commonly found in
proteins.

●They differ from each

other due to their different
R groups or side chains.

Essential Amino
Acid
●Polypeptides and
proteins are formed
when amino acids are
linked together by a
peptide bond.
Essential Amino
Acid
●Polypeptides are formed
from a large number of
amino acids.

●Proteins, on the other

hand, are composed of one
or more polypeptide chain.

Levels of Protein
Organization
●Proteins have different
shapes and sizes.
●How they achieve their
individual structures
depends on four different
levels of protein
organization.

Levels of Protein Organization-

Primary Structure
●This refers to the amino
acid sequence that
comprises a polypeptide
chain
●The properties of the
amino acids determine the
properties of the sequence.
.

Levels of Protein Organization-

Secondary Structure
●This refers to the
localized folding of protein
chains.
○This is due to the
hydrogen bonding between
the amino and carboxyl
groups of neighboring
amino acids.

Levels of Protein Organization-

Secondary Structure
●An α-helix is a right-handed coil stabilized by the
hydrogen bonds between the amino group of one
amino acid and carbonyl group of another amino acid

●A β-pleated sheet has hydrogen bonds that are

between adjacent amino acids resulting in extended
rather than coiled polypeptide chains.

Levels of Protein Organization-

Secondary Structure
Levels of Protein Organization-
Tertiary Structure
●This level of organization describes the three-
dimensional structure of the protein.
-This structure refers to the positioning of the
protein’s atoms and side chains.
-Tertiary structure can either be brous (long
parallel coils) or globular (compact and almost
spherical).
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Levels of Protein Organization-

Tertiary Structure
Levels of Protein Organization-
Quaternary Structure

●The quaternary
structure describes
how proteins come
together to form large
aggregates.
Functions of Protein
●Proteins perform the function of transporting
different molecules through the different parts of
organism.
●Enzymes are biological catalysts that act to
make the reaction take place more rapidly.
●There are some proteins that organisms and cells
use for mechanical support. Keratin is an
example of a structural protein.

Functions of Protein
●Some of the most notable proteins used for
immunity are the antibodies.
-Antibodies are proteins produced by the cells of
the immune system, and are used for defense
against pathogens
●The body uses proteins like actin and myosin to
allow muscles to contract and generate movement.
.

 Nucleic Acid
Nucleic acids are
biomolecules that are
made up of repeating
units of nucleotides.
They are named
“nucleic acids”
because they were
rst discovered in
the nucleus of cells.
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Nucleic Acid
Play an essential
role in the storage,
transfer, and
expression of genetic
information.
Structure of
Nucleic Acid
●The building blocks of nucleic
acids are called nucleotides,
which consist of
-one to three phosphate groups;
-a ve-carbon sugar; and
-a nitrogen-containing base.
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Structure of
Nucleic Acid
●The ve-carbon sugar
component of a nucleotide can
either be a ribose or a
deoxyribose.
-For DNA, the sugar is
deoxyribose while for RNA,
the sugar is ribose
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Structure of
Nucleic Acid
●Nitrogenous bases are aromatic
compounds that contain carbon,
hydrogen, and nitrogen.
-They are either purines,
which are comprised of two
rings, or pyrimidines,
composed of one ring
.

Structure of
Nucleic Acid
● Adenine, guanine, and
cytosine are found in both DNA
and RN
● Thymine and uracil are found
only in DNA and RNA,
respectively
A

Structure of
Nucleic Acid
Occur in matched sets:
– Adenine (A) to Cytosine (C)
– Thymine (T) to Guanine (G)
The order of the bases in DNA is the way in which DNA stores
instructions for making proteins.
Each of the 20 amino acids is represented by a series of 3 DNA bases.
For example, the sequence T-A-C is the code for the amino acid
tyrosine.

DNA
●DNA is a double-stranded
structure, with each strand being
a chain of nucleotides
●The two strands run
antiparallel to each other.
.

DNA
●The primary function of DNA
is to carry genetic
information.
●This information is stored
within the sequences of
nucleotides
.

RNA
●RNA structure is somewhat
similar to that of DNA,
although RNA is comprised
only of one strand no matter
what form it is.