LESSON OBJECTIVES…..

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. distinguish between carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and

nucleic acids
2. summarize the general characteristics of each
biomolecule, and
3. relate the structures of the biomolecule with their
properties
What is it?

Biological Macromolecules or Biomolecules are large, organic

molecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic
acids having huge variety of functions.
 Let’s Define!!!

MONOMER
MONOSACCHARIDE
PEPTIDE – short
– a molecule
chain
– (Simple
of
that
sugars)
aminocan
acid
simplest
react
monomer
with
form
other
link
of by
molecules
carbohydrates
peptide bonds
to form very large
molecules called Polymers.
Let’s Define!!!

ENZYMES
AMINO
HORMONESACIDS
– Proteins
– Special
– organic
compounds
which
chemical
make
messengers
that
the that
combines
biochemical
are createdtoinreaction
form
the fast
proteins
endocrine gland
Let’s Define!!!

NUCLEOTIDEstored
PHOSPHOLIPIDS–
GLYCOGEN– – made
contains
up of
three components:
glycerol, two fatty
carbohydrates acids,
in the liver.
nitrogen-containing
and a phosphate group.
base,
five-carbon sugar, and a
phosphate group
 Hello! I’m Jack! And I am
your food nutritionist for
today! Where do you think
can we obtain or see
biological macromolecules?
 Biomolecules are
found in every food
that we eat!
Biomolecules are
categorized into 4
types, depending
on their function.

CARBOHYDRATES
PROTEINS
LIPIDS
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Come! Let us familiarize
ourselves with these
macromolecules, as we
discuss them one by one
starting with……
CARBOHYDRATES
CARBOHYDRATES

CARBOHYDRATES

CARBON HYDRATE
Hydrated Carbon
CARBOHYDRATES
CARBOHYDRATES = SUGAR

Simple Complex
Monosaccharide Polysaccharide
Disaccharide
 CARBOHYDRATES
*Primary Source of energy
*Sugars in the food the we eat are converted
into glucose
*Excess carbohydrates is converted to
glycogen which is stored in the liver and
muscles.
CARBOHYDRATES

MONOSACCHARIDE (ONE SUGAR)

GLUCOSE Blood sugar, used in dextrose.

A form of sugar being utilized by the human body

GALACTOSE Found in milk and dairy products

FRUCTOSE Fruit sugar

CARBOHYDRATES

DISACCHARIDE (TWO SUGAR)

MALTOSE Glu + Glu Blood sugar, used in dextrose.

A form of sugar being utilized by the human body

SUCROSE Glu + Fru Found in milk and dairy products

LACTOSE Glu + Gal Fruit sugar

CARBOHYDRATES

POLYSACCHARIDE (MANY SUGAR)

STARCH/AMYLOSE Stored form of glucose in plants

AMYLOPECTIN Stored form of glucose in plants

GLYCOGEN Stored form of glucose in humans and animals

CELLULOSE Structural material in plant’s cell wall

Primary component of wood
CARBOHYDRATES In a nutshell…
Carbohydrates are made up on
only 3 elements, Carbon-
Hydrogen-Oxygen (CHO)

Made up of a monomer called

saccharides

Functions as the main energy

source of the body (Energy giving
molecule)

Can be found in rice, bread,

potatoes, pastas, fruits
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
*Functions as the
strength giving
molecule.

*composed of four
elements: Carbon,
Hydrogen, Oxygen, and *Monomer is Amino Acids
Nitrogen.
PROTEINS
Proteins comes in different forms and functions.
KERATIN A structural protein found in the hair, skin, and nails

FIBROIN Known as silk protein. It is one of the strongest natural fibers.

COLLAGEN An Insoluble protein found in connective tissues such as tendons, ligaments,

skin, cartilage and the eye cornea.

MYOGLOBIN A polypeptide that stores oxygen in our muscles. It contains a heme group
which has iron where the oxygen in blood is stored.

ENZYMES Functions to catalyze chemical reactions. They either speed up chemical

reactions, lowers needed energy for chemical reaction, or bind substances.
PROTEINS
Types of ENZYMES….

LIPASE Enzyme that helps in the digestion of fats

PEPSIN Enzyme that helps in breaking down proteins into peptides

SUCRASE Also called as invertase, it helps in digestion of sugar and starches

PROTEINS In a nutshell…
Proteins are made up of 4
elements, Carbon-Hydrogen-
Oxygen-Nitrogen (CHON)

Made up of a monomer called

amino acid

Functions as the muscle building

molecule of the body (Energy
giving molecule)

Can be found in red meat, white

meat, legumes, eggs, vegetables
LIPIDS
LIPIDS
*also known as fats, its
main body function is
stored energy and
insulation.

*composed of three
elements: Carbon, Hydrogen,
and Oxygen.
LIPIDS
Lipids are made up of two monomers: a GLYCEROL and a
FATTY ACID

GLYCEROL BACKBONE FATTY ACID CHAIN

LIPIDS
TWO MAJOR CLASSES OF FATTY ACIDS
LIPIDS
TWO MAJOR CLASSES OF LIPIDS

Saturated fats have two hydrogens attached to each carbon. The molecule is very stable
(usually solid at room temperature) and hard to break up, which allows it to store and
ultimately provide more energy than carbohydrates or proteins and makes it more likely to
stick to the body as cholesterol. Saturated fat and trans fat are thus usually considered
unhealthy fats.
LIPIDS
TWO MAJOR CLASSES OF LIPIDS

Unsaturated fats are loosely packed. They tend to be liquid at room temperature. It is also
known as healthy fats and is commonly found in plant fats such as olive oils, corn oil,
sunflower oil.
LIPIDS
Lipids are made up of 4 types:

TRIGLYCERIDES A lipid that is made up of a glycerol and 3 fatty acids. They mainly constitutes
our body fats.

PHOSPHOLIPID is a type of lipid molecule that is the main component of the cell membrane
that is made up of a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head. Each
phospholipid is made up of two fatty acids, a phosphate group, and a glycerol
molecule.

WAX is a simple lipid which is an ester of a long-chain alcohol and a fatty acid.
Waxes are found in nature as coatings on leaves and stems. The wax prevents
the plant from losing excessive amounts of water.

STEROIDS are lipids because they are hydrophobic and insoluble in water, but they do not
resemble lipids since they have a structure composed of four fused rings. Cholesterol is
the most common steroid and is the precursor to vitamin D, testosterone, estrogen,
progesterone, aldosterone, cortisol, and bile salts.
 They are also known as
Fats are lipids that
saturated
They fatssolid
and is
are are
found in in
considered as unhealthy
roomanimals.
temperature
Fats and Oils? How
fats.
do they differ?
They are also known as
Oils
They onare
theliquid
other
unsaturated fats and is
hand, in are
room lipids
considered as healthy
found
temperature.
in plants.
fats.
LIPIDS In a nutshell… Lipids are made up of 3 elements,
Carbon-Hydrogen-Oxygen (CHO)

Made up of monomers called

glycerides and amino acid

There are two types of amino

acids: Saturated and Unsaturated

Main function is to store energy

and body heat

Can be found in butter, lard, oils,

eggs, cheese, margarine, milk
NUCLEIC ACID
NUCLEIC ACIDS
*Plays an essential role in
storage, transfer, and
expression of genetic
information.

*composed of five elements:

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen,
Nitrogen, and Phosphorous.
NUCLEIC ACIDS

*DNA and RNA are the

most common examples of
nucleic acids.
 Biomolecules.
In thewas
He white He
blood
puzzled
was And
ablecalled
tonotit
isolate
Nucleic acids were thatcell
andid
unknown
and“nuclein”
study the
resemble the
discovered by substance
substance
other three
Friedrich Miescher
in 1868!!
 Nucleic acid’s
molecular structure
is made up of 3
parts:
NUCLEIC ACIDS In a nutshell…
Nucleic acids are made up of 3
elements, Carbon-Hydrogen-
Oxygen-Nitrogen-Phosphorus
(CHONP)
Made up of a monomer called
nucleotides

Main function is to store, transfer,

and express genetic information.

Can be found in DNA and RNA

 Remember this
mnemonic device of
biomolecules…

Carbohydrates : CHO
Lipids : CHO

Protein : CHON Nucleic Acids : CHONP

Can you again say Oh that’s easy! Its
the mnemonic CHO CHO CHON
device? CHONP!!