COURSE OUTLINE

 CHAPTER 5. LIPIDS

 Definition of Lipids
 Properties of Lipids
 Classification of Lipids
 Functions of Lipids
 Lipids Diseases
 LIPIDS
• heterogenous group of compound related to fatty acids, fats, oils, waxes and other related substances
• naturally occur in most plants, animals and microorganisms
• Lipids are organic compound formed mainly from alcohol and fatty acid combined together by ester linkage
• Ester - is organic compound where the hydrogen in the compound Carboxyl group is replaced with a
hydrogen group
• the term lipid was first used by German biochemist “Bloor” in 1943
• derived from a Greek word “lipos” which means fat
• lipids are insoluble in non-polar solvents, such as water, and soluble in polar solvents such as benzene, ether,
chloroform, acetone
LIPIDS
• lipids is not a polymer as like carbohydrates and proteins
• it is also a macromolecules and major component of the diet because of their high energy
value the basic component of lipid is fatty acid
• the fats or lipids are defines as the esters of glycerol (alcohols) and fatty acids or as
triglycerides
• it is found in most plants and animals
• in plants they are seen in seeds and fruits
• in animals they are found in adipose tissue, bone marrow and nerve tissue (cholesterol,
phospholipids and glycolipids) and in the blood (lipoproteins)
• large amount of fats are deposited in the subcutaneous tissues, mesenteric tissues, fatty
tissues around the kidney
• in food sources, fats can be obtained from milk, egg, meat, liver, fish oils, nuts, seeds and oils
LIPIDS – PROPERTIES
They are organic compounds formed of fats and oils. Lipids produce high energy and perform different
functions within a living organism, such as:

• Lipids stored in kidney

• are generally hydrophobic, meaning they repel water and do not dissolve in it.
• are formed from hydrocarbon chains, and they are heterogeneous in nature
• Fats and oils, in the form of triglycerides, are efficient energy storage molecules, providing a
concentrated source of energy when broken down.
• Phospholipids are essential components of cell membranes, forming the lipid bilayer that defines
cellular boundaries. They help in the selective permeability of a cell membrane.
• Lipids like cholesterol and steroid hormones consists of four-ring structure and function in
membrane fluidity and cellular signaling.
• Lipids provide essential fatty acids that the body cannot produce on its own and allow the
absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
LIPIDS
STRUCTURE OF THE LIPIDS made up of two molecules, glycerol,
ALCOHOLS
and fatty acids. • They are found in lipid molecule
and they may be saturated
• These include the glycerol,
cholesterol and higher alcohol
• In the structure of glycerol, the
carbon atom are denoted as 1, 2
and 3 from any end

Glycerol – is also known

as glycerin, it is an
alcohol with three
hydroxyl group and react
with three fatty acids to
form three esters GLYCEROL
LIPIDS
LIPIDS CLASSIFICATION
SIMPLE/HOMOLIPIDS
• Esters of fatty acids with various
alcohols. They don’t contain additional
group
• simple lipids = FA + alcohol
1. Fats and oil
2. Waxes COMPOUND/HETEROLIPIDS
• Esters of fatty acids with alcohol and
containing additional group (e.g. sugar
in glycolipids or phosphate in
phospholipids)
• Compound lipids = FA + alcohol +
Additional group

DERIVED LIPIDS
• Substances derived from simple and
compound lipids by their hydrolysis (e.g.
cholesterol)
LIPIDS – CLASSIFICATION – SIMPLE (FATS AND OILS)
• Fats is also know as TRIGLYCERIDES or TRIACYLGLYCEROL
• It is also called neutral fats because they are uncharged due to absence of
ionizable groups in it
• It is a combination of three fatty acid molecules with a glycerol molecule
• They are ester of glycerol with various fatty acids, since the 3 hydroxyl groups of
glycerol are esterified (TRIGLYCERIDE)
• Esterification of glycerol with one molecule of fatty acids gives
MONOGLYCERIDE. With two molecules gives DIGLYCERIDE
LIPIDS – CLASSIFICATION – SIMPLE (FATS AND OILS)
• Fats are found in all living cells
• They are formed from Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen but they are
poor in Oxygen when compare to carbohydrates
• They are insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvent
• Fats which are liquid at room temperature are called oil
• In all fats, glycerol is present but the composition of fatty acids may
be different
• In living cells, fats or its derivatives are present as main
constituents of protoplasm
• They serve as source of energy and enters in the composition of
various cell components
• Represent storage form of lipid and is used for energy production
• In mammals, the fats are stored in adipose tissue
• Adipose tissue also functions to protect organ from shock and cold
LIPIDS – CLASSIFICATION – SIMPLE (FATS AND OILS)
FATS OILS
They are solid at room temperature They are liquid at room temperature
Obtained from animal body, stored Obtained from plants
around under skin or around organs
Mainly composed of saturated fatty Mainly composed of unsaturated fatty acids /
acids, no C=C bonds contains one or more C=C bonds
Saturated chains packed closely together Unsaturated chains packed less closely
Increase cholesterol levels in blood and Decrease cholesterol levels in blood and
hence increase risk of cardiovascular hence decrease risk of cardiovascular disease
disease
E.g. ghee, cream, meat, etc. E.g. coconut oil, olive oil, canola oil and etc.
Triglycerides made up of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids molecules
LIPIDS – CLASSIFICATION – SIMPLE (WAXES)
WAXES

• These are the esters of long chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
with monohydroxy alcohols
• In vertebrates waxes are secreted by cutaneous glands as a protective
coating to keep the skin lubricated and water proof
• Hair, wool and fur also coated with wax
• The leaves of many plants are shiny because of the deposition of protective
coating
• Waxes also serve as storage form of fuel in planktons
• They also acts a major food and storage lipid in marine organisms (whale,
salmon) because they consume planktons in large amount
• Waxes are widely used in making varnishes, wax coated paper, lotion and
ointments
• An example also is the cholesterol stearate (a type of wax found in human
plasma)
LIPIDS – CLASSIFICATION – COMPOUND (PHOSPHOLIPID)
Compound lipids can be categorized into two types : PHOSPHOLIPID and GLYCOLIPID

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

• a class of lipids whose molecule has a

hydrophilic “head” containing negatively
charged phosphate group and two
hydrophobic “tails” derived from fatty
acids, joined by an alcohol residue
• they are key component of all cell
membranes
• They can form lipid bilayers
• Phospholipids are amphiphilic
• Examples: lecithins, cephalins,
phosphatidyl inositol (PI)
LIPIDS – CLASSIFICATION – COMPOUND (PHOSPHOLIPID)
LECITHINS/PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE
• Is a fat that is essential in the cells of the body
• It can be found in soybeans and egg yolks
• The most abundant group of phospholipids in the cell membrane
• It is taken as medicine and also used in manufacturing medicines
• It is used in treating memory disorder such as dementia, Alzheimer’s disease
• It is an any group of yellow-brownish fatty substances occurring in anima and plant tissues
which are amphiphilic – they attract both water and fatty substances and are used for
smoothing food texture
• On hydrolysis lecithin yields choline, phosphoric acid, glycerol and 2 molecules of fatty acids

Phosphatidic acid
LIPIDS – CLASSIFICATION – COMPOUND (PHOSPHOLIPID)
CEPHALINS
• It is also known as Phosphatidyl ethanolamine
• Their chemical structure is exactly as the lecithin but they differ only in the base
• Are phosphoglycerides that contain ethanolamine (as head group) or the amino acid serine
attached to the phosphate group through phosphate ester bonds
• Ethanolamine is a nitrogenous base
• They are found in most cell membranes particularly in the brain tissues
• They have role in blood coagulation and accelerate blood clotting
LIPIDS – CLASSIFICATION – COMPOUND (PHOSPHOLIPID)
PHOSPHOLIPIDS – PHOSPHATIDYL INOSITOL (PI)
• It is classified as glycerophospholipid that contains a
glycerol backbone, two polar fatty acid tails, a phosphate
group substituted with an inositol polar head group
• the most common fatty acids of phosphoinositide's are
stearic acid and arachidonic acid
• Hydrolysis of phosphoinositide's yield one mole of
glycerol, two moles of fatty acids, one mole of inositol and
one, two or three moles of phosphoric acids, depending
on the number of phosphates on the inositol rings
• It is regarded as the most acidic phospholipids
• Present in all tissues but abundant in brain tissue (10% of
phospholipids)
• It play important roles in lipid signaling, cell signaling,
membrane trafficking, protein anchoring and as second
messenger during signal transduction for certain hormone
• It helps in the release of calcium
LIPIDS – CLASSIFICATION – COMPOUND (PHOSPHOLIPID)
PHOSPHOLIPIDS – SPHINGOMYELIN
• It is also known as sphingophospholipid
• It differ from lecithins and cephalins in that they “sphingosine”
as the alcohol instead of glycerol
• They contain two nitrogenous bases: sphingosine itself and
choline
• It contains sphingosine base, one long chain fatty acid, choline
and phosphoric acid
• Commonly found in brain and nerve tissue (myelin sheath)
• Sphingosine is attached by an amide linkage to a fatty acid to
produced CERAMIDE
• Ceramide act as second messenger by regulating programmed
cell death
• A ceramide containing 30 carbon fatty acid is major component
of skin and regulates water permeability
• It is important in signaling pathways: the degradation and
synthesis of sphingomyelin produce important second
messengers for signal transduction
LIPIDS – CLASSIFICATION – COMPOUND (GLYCOLIPIDS)
GLYCOLIPIDS
• Glycolipids = ceramide + carbohydrate
• They do not contain phosphate
• are lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic (covalent) bond
• Their role is to maintain the stability of the cell membrane and to facilitate cellular recognition
• It is essential to the immune response and allow cells to connect to one another to form tissues
• Essential components of cell, plasma membranes and also abundant in nervous tissues
• They are found on the surface of all eukaryotic cell membranes
• Also known as glycosphingolipids which contain sphingosine, a fatty acid and a mosaccharide or
oligosaccharide unit
• The most common lipids in cellular membranes are glycerolipids and sphingolipids which have a
glycerol or sphingosine backbones
• there are two classifications according to the number and nature of the carbohydrate residue’s
present;
• Cerebrosides – they have one galactose molecule (galactosides)
• Gangliosides – they have several sugar and sugaramine residues
LIPIDS – CLASSIFICATION – COMPOUND (GLYCOLIPIDS)
CEREBROSIDES
• Common name for a group of glycosphingolipids called mono
glucosylceramides which are important components in animal
muscle and nerve cell membranes
• It consist of sugar β-galactose and may be glucose or lactose,
sphingosine and fatty acid but no phosphoric acid
• they occur in myelin sheath of nerves and whit matter of the
brain tissues and cellular membranes
• It provide protective coating to each nerve and act as insulator
• There are two types:
• Gluco-cerebrosides - ceramide + glucose
• found in other tissue
• Major constituents of skin lipids
• Galacto-cerebrosides – ceramide + galactose
• found in neural tissue
LIPIDS – CLASSIFICATION – COMPOUND (GLYCOLIPIDS)
GANGLIOSIDES
• They are more complex glycolipids that occur in
gray matter of the brain, ganglion cells and RBCs
• a molecule composed of sphingolipids that contain
chains of two to seven monosaccharides with one
or more sialic acids (e.g. n-acetylneuraminic acid
NANA) linked on the sugar chain
• They are important neurons
• It was first applied by the German scientist Ernst
Klenk in 1942 to lipids particularly the newly
isolated from ganglion cells of the brain
• It is a component of the plasma membrane that
modulates cell signal transduction pathways,
growth and differentiation of tissues
• It works as a receptor for cholera toxin in the
human intestine
LIPIDS – CLASSIFICATION – DERIVED LIPIDS
DERIVED LIPIDS

• Hydrolysis product of simple and compound lipids is called derived

lipids
• They include fatty acid, glycerol, sphingosine and steroid derivatives
• Steroid derivatives are phenanthrene structures that are quite different
from lipids made up of fatty acids
• Examples:
• Fatty Acids
• Steroids and sterols
• terpenoids
LIPIDS – CLASSIFICATION – DERIVED LIPIDS (FATTY ACIDS)
FATTY ACIDS
• they are long C-H chain of carboxylic acids on the end (an organic acid containing a
carboxyl group COOH), COOH – gives it an acid property
• Typically contain 12-20 carbon atoms
• Insoluble in water
• Can be saturated or unsaturated
• Fatty acids contain a carboxylic acid group, which make them polar
• They also contain a long hydrocarbon tail, which makes them non polar

Non - polar
polar
LIPIDS – CLASSIFICATION – DERIVED LIPIDS (FATTY ACIDS)
LIPIDS – CLASSIFICATION – DERIVED LIPIDS (FATTY ACIDS)
TWO TYPES OF FATTY ACIDS:
• Saturated fatty acids – fatty acid chain that contain only carbon-carbon single bond
are referred to as saturated, found in food
• Unsaturated fatty acids – contain one or more double bonds
• monounsaturated fatty acids – have one doubled bond
• polyunsaturated fatty acids – have two or more double bonds

Example of unsaturated FA: trans fatty acids (from vegetable fats for margarine,
snack food, baked goods and frying fast food)
LIPIDS––CLASSIFICATION
LIPIDS FATTY ACIDS – DERIVED LIPIDS (FATTY ACIDS)
• SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
• the formula is CnH2n-1COOH
• They contain double bonds with 2-24 more
carbon
• they tend to be solid in room temperature
except if they are short chained
• Strong attractions between fatty acid chains
• A short chain saturated fatty acid (2-10
carbon)
• Long chain fatty acid (more than 10 carbon)
• it may increase blood cholesterol level and
cardiovascular disease
There are two groups:
• Straight chain fatty acids – these are found
in plants and animals
Ex: stearic acid – CH3(CH2)16COOH
palmitic acid - CH3(CH2)14COOH
• Branched fatty acids – minor component of
natural fat or oil
Ex: Isopalmitic acid – (CH3)2CH(CH2)12COOH,
- they are found in wool fat
LIPIDS – CLASSIFICATION – DERIVED LIPIDS (FATTY ACIDS)
IMPORTANT SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
LIPIDS – CLASSIFICATION – DERIVED LIPIDS (FATTY ACIDS)
UNSATURATED
SATURATED FATTYFATTYACIDS
ACIDS
•• they have usually
the formula is Cndouble
H2n-1COOHbond
• Do not packed closely
• They contain double bonds with 2-24 more
• Have few attractions between chains
carbon
• Have low meting point (the solid and liquid phase exist in equal)
•• they tend
they are to be
liquid solid temperature
at room in room temperature
and are beneficial fats because they can decrease blood cholesterol
except if they heart
levels, stabilize are short chained
rhythms, and play a number of other beneficial roles
• Strong attractions between fatty acid chains
• A short chain saturated fatty acid ( 2-10
Example:
• Oleic acid – CnH2n-1COOH (contain 1 double bond)
carbon)
• Long –chain
help fatty
to decrease LDL and
acid (more increase
than HDL
10 carbon)
• it• may
Linoleic acid blood
increase - CnH2n-3COOH (contain
cholesterol 2 double
level and bond)
• Linolenic acid
cardiovascular - CnH2n-5COOH (contain 3 double bond)
disease
• Arachidonic acid - CnH2n-7COOH (contain 4 double bond)
- these three help to decrease total cholesterol level
LIPIDS – CLASSIFICATION – DERIVED LIPIDS (FATTY ACIDS)
UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
• has two types:
1. Monounsaturated fatty acid
• having one double bond
• Oleic acid and palmitoleic acids are the
most abundant
• Monounsaturated (monoenoic fatty
acids in human)
UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
2. Polyunsaturated fatty acids
• fatty acids with more than one double bond
• polyenoic fatty acid with 2, 3 and 4 double
bonds
Ex.: Omega 3 and Omega 6 Fatty Acid
- an essential fatty acid that can be found in
oily fish (mackerel, salmon and herring), and
also from nuts/seeds (chia and flax)
- It is under with the group of Linoleic fatty acid
Sources: vegetable oils, corn oil,
linseed oil, peanut oil,
cottonseed oil, soyabean oil, and
many other plant oils
LIPIDS – CLASSIFICATION – DERIVED LIPIDS (FATTY ACIDS)
FUNCTION OF ESSENTIAL FATTY SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF ESSENTIAL FATTY
ACIDS DEFICIENCIES
• they are useful in the treatment of artherosclerosis
by help transporting blood cholesterol and lowering • Diarrhea
transporting triglycerides • Infections
• they enter in the structure of all cellular and • Retarded growth and wound healing
subcellular membranes and the transporting plasma • Anemia
phospholipids • Flaky and itchy skin
• they are essential for skin integrity, normal growth
and reproduction
• they have important role in blood clotting
• important in preventing and treating fatty liver
• important role in health of the retina vision
• they can be oxidized for energy production
LIPIDS – CLASSIFICATION – DERIVED LIPIDS (STEROIDS)
STEROIDS
• Derived lipids because they are hydrophobic and insoluble in water, but they do not
resemble lipids
• A group of plant and animal lipids that have tetracyclic ring structure
• It has a subgroup known as your sterols
• Sterols such as cholesterol and ergosterols is the most common steroid and is the
precursor to vitamin D, estrogen, progesterone, aldosterone, cortisol and bile salts
• Sterols – known as your steroid alcohols
• Sterols in plant is known as phytosterols
• Sterols in animals is known as zoosterols
• Cholesterol – common sterols and stigmasterol is
phytosterols
• Ergosterols is present in cell membrane of fungi and
protozoa
LIPIDS – CLASSIFICATION – DERIVED LIPIDS ( STEROIDS)
STEROIDS - Example: CHOLESTEROL
• major sterol in animal tissues
• Widely distributed in all cells and major components of
cell membrane and lipoproteins
• Cholesterol is C27 compound with molecular formula
C27H46O. With a hydroxyl group at C3 and a double bond
between C5 and C6
• An aliphatic side chain is attached at C17 and 5 methyl
groups
• They exists as crystals that are white, shinny. It has a
high melting point of 150°C
• It is insoluble in water and soluble in fat solvents
• Cholesterol oxidized under suitable conditions and to
form a ketone called cholestenone
• It helps in the maintenance of our body temperature
and protects our internal organs
LIPIDS – CLASSIFICATION – DERIVED LIPIDS ( STEROIDS)
STEROIDS - Example: CHOLESTEROL
• Steroid hormones – are produced from cholesterol
- They are chemical messengers in the cells
- It includes sex hormones such as androgens
(testosterone) in males and estrogens in
females
• The liver makes all the cholesterol that the body
needs
• Extra cholesterol may lead to PLAQUE and lead to
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
• This plaque lodges in artery walls reducing blood
flow which may result to and may lead to heart
attack, stroke and kidney dysfunction
LIPIDS – CLASSIFICATION – DERIVED LIPIDS ( STEROIDS)
STEROIDS – Example: CHOLESTEROL

• LIPOPROTEINS (lipid attached to protein) are the carriers of cholesterol and fat
• It allows fats to move through the water inside and outside the cell

• 4 types of LIPOPROTEINS
• HDL- high density lipoprotein “ GOOD CHOLESTEROL” – 33% protein and 30%
cholesterol, it transport cholesterol from tissues to the liver for elimination

• LDL – low density lipoprotein “BAD CHOLESTEROL” – 25% PROTEIN AND 50%
CHOLESTEROL, it transport cholesterol from liver to tissues

• VLD – very-low density (VLD) – carries triglycerides synthesized by the liver

• CHYOMICRONS – carry dietary lipids synthesized in the intestines

LIPIDS – CLASSIFICATION – DERIVED LIPIDS ( TERPENOIDS)
• DERIVED LIPIDS – TERPENOIDS • TERPENOIDS – Example: CAROTENOID
• Sometimes called isoprenoids and are large diverse • are yellow, orange, red or brown
class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived pigments in plants
from the 5-carbon compound isoprene and the • It has two types:
isoprene polymers called terpenes • Carotene
• Lipid soluble and water insoluble and do not contain • Orange, red in color, beta
fatty acids like steroids carotene is a type of
• Mostly occur in natural products and can be found in carotene
all classes of living things
• Present in carrot and rice
• Several terpenoids are biologically active and are
• Xantophylls
exploited in the fight against cancer, malaria,
• Accessory pigments
inflammation and of variety of infectious disease
• They can be classified as monoterpene, diterpene • Yellow color found in
and polyterpene leaves of plants
• Most common examples are carotenoid, lycopene
pigment and etc.
LIPIDS – FUNCTIONS
STRUCTURAL BUILDING MATERIAL
• Lipid act as a structural building material (e.g. cell membrane is composed of lipo-protein molecules)

SOURCE OF ENERGY
• Contain twice the amount of energy due to greater number of C-H bonds as compared to
Carbohydrates and proteins

AS INSULATOR
• Lipids provide insulation to various organs of animals and also act as lubricants

REGULATE OF VITAL CHEMICAL REACTIONS

• hormones which are steroids regulate many vital process in both plants and animals
LIPIDS – DISEASES