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(2) GLYCERIDES
• Phosphatidylethanolamine (Cephalin)
– Similar in general structure to lecithin
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(3) NONGLYCERIDE LIPIDS
• Sphingolipids
– Are lipids that are not derived from glycerol
– Amphipathic and structural components of
cellular membranes
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(3) NONGLYCERIDE LIPIDS
• Sphingomyelins
– Located throughout the body, but are
particularly important structural lipid
components of nerve cell membranes
– Found in abundance in the myelin sheath
the surrounds and insulate cells of the CNS
– Role is essential to proper cerebral
function and nerve transmission
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(3) NONGLYCERIDE LIPIDS
• Glycosphingolipids (Glycolipids)
– Are built on a ceramide backbone structure,
which is a fatty acid amide derivative of
sphingosine
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(3) NONGLYCERIDE LIPIDS
• Cerebrosides
– Are characterized by the presence of a
single monosaccharide head group
• ________________ – found in the membranes of
macrophages
– Consists of ceramide bonded to the hexose glucose
• ________________ – found almost exclusively
in the membranes of brain cells
– Consists of ceramide joined to the monosaccharide
galactose
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(3) NONGLYCERIDE LIPIDS
• Steroids
– Are members of a large, diverse collection
of lipids called the isoprenoids (all of these
compounds are built from one or more 5-
carbon units called isoprene)
– Terpene
• Is the general term for lipids that are
synthesized from isoprene units
• Steroids and bile salts, lipid-soluble vitamins
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(3) NONGLYCERIDE LIPIDS
• Steroids
– Contain the
steroid nucleus
(steroid carbon
skeleton)
– Cholesterol
• known steroid,
found in the
membranes
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(3) NONGLYCERIDE LIPIDS
• Cholesterol
– Amphipathic
– Readily soluble in the hydrophobic region
of membranes
– Involved in the regulation of the fluidity of
the membrane as a result of the nonpolar
fused ring
– Hydroxyl group is polar
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CHOLESTEROL
• Can also exist in
an esterified form
called cholesteryl
ester, with the
hydroxyl group
conjugated by an
ester bond to a
fatty acid
– No polar
groups making
them very
hydrophobic
CHOLESTEROL
• Almost exclusively synthesized by animals,
but plants do contain other sterols similar in
structure to cholesterol
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(3) NONGLYCERIDE LIPIDS
• Steroid Hormones (Sex Hormones)
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(3) NONGLYCERIDE LIPIDS
• Waxes
– Derived from many different sources and
have a variety of chemical compositions,
depending on the source
• Paraffin wax
– Long hydrocarbon tails – extremely
hydrophobic – completely insoluble in
water
– Solid @ room temp
• Lanolin – protective coating for hair and skin
(used in skin creams and ointments)
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(4) COMPLEX LIPIDS
• Complex Lipids
– Are bonded to other types of molecules
– Lipoproteins
• Consist of a core of hydrophobic lipids
surrounded by amphipathic proteins,
phospholipids, and cholesterol
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LIPOPROTEINS
• Typically spherical
in shape and range
in size 10 to 1200
nm
• Composed of both
lipids and proteins,
called
LIPOPROTEINS
• The larger the LPP
particles have larger
core regions
(contain relatively
more TAG and
cholesteryl ester)
• Discoidal HDL
– Contains 2 molecules of apo A-I
– Represent newly secreted HDL
– Most active form in removing excess cholesterol
from peripheral cells
HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN
• Discoidal HDL
– Acquire additional lipid, cholesteryl esters, and
TAG form a core region between the central lipid
bilayer, which transforms into spherical HDL
(predominant form in plasma)
• Spherical HDL
– HDL2
• Larger in size and richer in lipid than
HDL3
• May be more efficient in delivering lipids
to the liver
– HDL3
REFERENCE RANGES
ANALYTE REFERENCE RANGE
Total Cholesterol 140 – 200 mg/dL
METABOLISM
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