LIPID- is an organic compound found in living organisms that is insoluble in water but soluble in

nonpolar organic organic solvents.

FATTY ACID- is a naturally occurring monocarboxylic acid.

Classification according to length
• Long-chain fatty acids- C12 to C26
• Medium-chain fatty acids- C8 to C10
• Short-chain fatty acids- C4 to C6

SATURATED FATTY ACID- is a fatty acid with a carbon chain in which all carbon-carbon bonds are
single bonds.

MONOUSATURATED FATTY ACID- is a fatty acid with carbon chain in which one carbon-carbon double
bond is present.

POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID- is a fatty acid with a carbon chain in which two or more carbon-
carbon double bonds are present.

OMEGA-3 FATTY ACID- is an unsaturated fatty acid with its endmost double bond tree carbon atoms away
from its methyl end.
OMEGA-6 FATTY ACID- is an unsaturated fatty acid with its endmost double bond six carbon atoms away
from its methyl end.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FATTY ACIDS

• Water solubility- solubility decreases as the carbon chain increases.
• Melting point- as carbon chain length increases, the melting point increases.

TRIACYLGLYCEROLS- energy-storage lipids

- A lipid formed by esterification of three fatty acids to a glycerol molecule.
• Simple triacylglycerol- is a triester formed from the esterification of glycerol with three identical fatty
acid molecule.
• Mixed triacylglycerol- is a triester formed from the esterification of glycerol with more than one kind
of fatty acid molecule
FAT- is a triacylglycerol mixture that is solid or semi-solid at room temperature.
OIL- is a triacylglycerol mixture that is liquid at room temperature.

BAD FATS- saturated fats

GOOD FATS- monounsaturated fats
CAN BE GOOD/BAD FATS- polyunsaturated fats

ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID- is a fatty acid needed in the human body that must be obtained from dietary
sources because it cannot be synthesized within the body, in adequate amounts, from other substances.
FAT SUBSTITUTES/artificial fats- substances that replicate the taste, texture and cooking properties of fats
but are themselves not lipids.

CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF TRIACYLGLYCEROL

• Hydrolysis- hydrolysis of a triacylglycerol is the reverse of the estirification reaction by which it was
formed.
➢ Complete hydrolysis- situations in which all three fatty acids are removed
➢ Partial hydrolysis- situation in which one or more of fatty acid residues remains attached to the
glycerol
• Saponification- is a reaction carried out in an alkaline basic solution.
1. Hydrolysis of ester linkages to produce glycerol and three fatty acid molecules
2. Involves a reaction between the fatty acid molecule and the base in the alkaline
solution
• Hydrogenation- is a chemical reaction that involve hydrogen addition across carbon-carbon multiple
bonds, which increases the degree of saturation as some double bonds are converted to single bonds.

• Oxidation- breaking of carbon-carbon bonds producing both aldehyde and carboxylic acid by the
addition of an oxidizing agent which is the molecular oxygen from the air.
PHOSPHOLIPIDS- membrane lipids
- A lipid that contains one or more fatty acids, a phosphate group, a platform molecule to which the
fatty acids and the phosphate groups are attached, and an alcohol that is attached o the phosphate
group.
• Glycerophospholipids- is a lipid that contains two fatty acids and a phosphate group esterified to a
glycerol molecule and an alcohol esterified to the phosphate group.
• Sphingophospholipids- is a lipid that contains one fatty acid and one phosphate group attached to a
sphingosine molecule and an alcohol attached to the phosphate group.

SPHINGOGLYCOLIPIDS- membrane lipids

- Is a lipid that contains both a fatty acid and a carbohydrate component attached to a sphingosine
molecule.
- Cerebrosides are the simplest sphingoglycolipids that contain a single monosaccharide unit.
- Ganglosides are more complex sphingoglycolipids that contain a branched chain of up to 7
monosaccharide residues.

CHOLESTEROL- membrane lipids

- Differs from other membrane lipids in
1. There are no fatty acid residues present
2. Neither glycerol nor sphingosine is present as the platform molecule
- Is a steroid
- Steroid- is a lipid whose structure is based on a fused-ring system that involves three 6-membered
rings and one 5 member ring.
- Cholesterol is a C27 steroid molecule that is a component of cell membranes and a precursor for
other steroid-based lipid.
- Lipoproteins cholesterol- protein combinations
LDL( low-density lipoproteins) - lipoproteins that carry cholesterol from the liver to the various
tissues.
HDL ( high-density lipoproteins) – lipoproteins that carry excess cholesterol from tissues back to
liver.
CELL MEMBRANE/plasma membrane- is a lipid-based structure that separates a cell’s aqueous-based
interior from the aqueous environment surrounding the cell.

Two types of membrane proteins

- Integral membrane protein is a membrane protein that penetrates the cell membrane.
- Peripheral membrane protein is a nonpenetrating memberane protein located on the surface of the
cell membrane.

Transport across cell membranes

- Passive transport is the transport process in which substance moves across a cell membrane by
diffusion from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration without the
expenditure of cellular energy.
- Facilitated transport is the transport process in which a substance moves across a cell membrane,
with the aid of membrane proteins, from a region of a higher concentration to region of lower
concentration without the expenditure of cellular energy.
- Active transport is a transport process in which a substance moves across a cell membrane, with
the aid of membrane proteins, against a concentration gradient with the expenditure of cellular
energy.

BILE ACIDS- emulsification lipids

- Is a cholesterol derivative that functions as a lipid-emulsifying agent in the aqueous environment of
the digestive tract
- Emulsifier is a substance that can disperse and stabilize water-insoluble substances as colloidal
particles in an aqueous solution.
- Bile is a fluid containing emulsifying agents that is secreted by the liver, stored in the gallbladder,
and released into the small intestine during digestion.
STREOID HORMONES- messenger lipids
- Is a hormone that is a cholesterol derivative.
- Hormone is a biochemical substance, produced by the ductless gland, that has a messenger function.

Two major classes of steroid hormones

1. Sex hormones- control reproduction and secondary sex characteristics
a. Estrogens- the female sex hormones synthesized in the ovaries and adrenal cortex and are
responsible for the development of the secondary sex characteristics at the onset of puberty and for
the regulation of the menstrual cycle. They also stimulate the development of the mammary gland.
b. Androgens- the male sex hormones synthesized in the testes and adrenal cortex and promote the
development of the secondary male characteristics. They also promote muscle growth.
c. Progestin- the pregnancy hormones synthesized in the ovaries and placenta and prepare the lining of
the uterus for the implantation of the fertilized ovum. They also suppress ovulation.

Synthetic steroids
➢ Oral contraceptives- used to suppress ovulation as a method of birth control.
➢ Anabolic agents- include the anabolic steroid drugs used by some athletes to build up
muscle strengths and enhance endurance.
2. Adrenocorticoid hormones- produced by the adrenal glands, small organs located at the top of the
kidney, at least 28 different hormones isolated from the main adrenal cortex.
a. Mineralocorticoids control the balance of sodium and potassium ions in cells and body fluids.
b. Glucocorticoids control glucose metabolism and counteract inflammation.

EICOSANOIDS- messenger lipids

- Is an oxygenated C20 fatty acid derivative that function as a messenger lipid.
Physiological effects:
1. The inflammatory response, a normal response to tissue damage
2. The production of pain and fever
3. The regulation of blood pressure
4. The induction of blood clotting
5. The control of reproductive functions such as induction of labor
6. The regulation of sleep/wake cycle

Principal types of eicosanoids

1. Prostaglandin- is a messenger lipid that is a C20 fatty acid derivative that contains a cyclopentane ring
and oxygen-containing functional group.
2. Thromboxane- is a messenger lipid that is a C20 fatty acid derivative that contains a cyclic ether ring
and an oxygen containing functional group.
3. Leukotrienes- is a messenger lipid that is a C20 fatty acid derivative that contains three conjugated
double bonds and hydroxyl groups.

BIOLOGICAL WAXES- protective-coating lipids

- Is a lipid that is a monoester of long chain fatty acid and a long chain alcohol.
- Wax is a pliable, water-repelling substance used particularly in protecting surfaces producing
polished surfaces.
- Mineral wax/paraffin wax is a mixture of long chain alkanes obtained from the processing of
petroleum. They resist moisture and serve as a waterproof coating for paper products.