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AT THE END OF THE CHAPTER, STUDENT SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
• Define biomolecules, carbohydrate, lipid, protein and nucleic acid.
• Identify the building block of the carbohydrate, lipid, protein and nucleic acid.
• List the sources of carbohydrate, protein and lipid
• Describe monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide.
• Explain the functions/roles of carbohydrate, lipid , protein and nucleic acid.
• Distinguish the saturated, unsaturated, essential and non-essential fatty acids.
• State the level of organization of the protein.
• Identify the structures of a ribonucleotide and deoxyribonucleotide
• Distinguish the structure, function and types of RNA and DNA.
• Recognize the difference between RNA and DNA.
Biomolecules are organic molecules include
macromolecules; proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and
nucleic acids, and also includes small molecules;
metabolites and natural products

Biomolecules are molecules that occur naturally in

living organisms (bacteria, algae, plant and animals).
 INORGANIC ORGANIC
• Mineral • Carbohydrates
• Gases • Lipids
• Water • Amino Acids
• Proteins
• Enzymes
• Nucleotides
• Nucleic Acids
• Vitamins
• Biomolecules are macromolecules.

• They are made of hundred or even thousands of smaller

molecules called MONOMERS.
 A monomer is a single atom, small molecule, or
molecular fragment that, when bonded together with
identical and similar types of monomers, form a
larger, macromolecule known as a polymer.
Energy-rich organic compounds
 Carbohydrates
Carbohydrate is an organic compound comprising only carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen
Carbohydrates can be represented by the formula (CH2O)n, where n is the number
of carbon atoms in the molecule.
In other words, the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is 1:2:1 in carbohydrate
molecules.
Carbohydrates are classified into three subtypes: monosaccharides, disaccharides,
and polysaccharides.

Carbohydrates are the most abundant among the major classes of biomolecules.
 Sources Of Carbohydrate

Starchy
Grain
Vegetables
product
and Beans

Fruits Beverages

Sweets and
added
Sugars
 Examples of Carbohydrates
• Glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose,
sucrose, maltose, trehalose, sugar alcohols
(mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol),starch, cellulose,
Plant carbohydrate:
hemicelluloses, galactomannans,
glucomannans and various other
polysaccharides found in gums and seaweeds.

• Lactose (milk and whey), lycogen (animal liver,

oysters and mussels), chitin (crabs shells),
Animal carbohydrates:
fructose, glucose, sucrose, isomaltulose
(honey).
Characteristics of carbohydrates
 Classification of carbohydrates
• A monosaccharide is the most basic
form of carbohydrates.

•A monosaccharide is a type of
monomer, or molecule that can
combine with like molecules to create a
larger polymer.

• Monosaccharides can by combined

through glycosidic bonds to form
larger carbohydrates, known as
oligosaccharides or polysaccharides.
 Roles of carbohydrates
Provide energy and Are necessary for fat oxidation.
avoiding use protein for The body needs carbs in order to
fuel. Carbohydrates allow burn fat (fat oxidation process).
our body to use protein for Therefore, fats will not get turned
what its primary purpose is into ketones, which can be toxic
and not just for fuel. to the bodies.

Carbohydrates are important to

Carbohydrates play a role in our immune system. Many
the production of B complex antibodies and proteins used in
vitamins made by beneficial the immune system contain both
bacteria in the body. carbohydrate and protein.
With the water, I say, Touch me not,
To the tongue, I am tasteful
Within limit, I am dutiful
In excess I am dangerous
 Lipids
•Lipid, any of a diverse group of organic compounds including fats, oils, hormones,
and certain components of membranes that are grouped together because they do
not interact appreciably with water.

•Lipids include a diverse group of compounds that are largely nonpolar in nature.

•Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids.

•The basic unit of lipids is a triglyceride, synthesized from glycerol and three
molecules of fatty acids.
 Sources of lipids
• Sunflower, sesame, and pumpkin seeds.
• Flaxseed.
• Walnuts.
• Fatty fish (salmon, tuna, mackerel, herring, trout,
sardines) and fish oil.
• Soybean and safflower oil.
• Soymilk.
• Tofu
Classes Of Lipids
 Fats And Oils
A fat molecule consists of two main components—glycerol and fatty acids.
Fatty acids (3 unit)
Glycerol (1 unit)

Triacylglycerol is formed by the joining of three

fatty acids to a glycerol backbone in a
Fats = animal Oil = plant dehydration reaction.

Three molecules of water are released in the

process.
 Fatty Acids
• Carboxylic acid with of long chain hydrocarbon side group.
• Contains an even number of carbon atoms (usually 4 to 24).
• Amphiphilic molecule.
❖ Amphipathic molecules are chemical compounds containing
both polar and nonpolar portions in their structure
Class :
❖ Saturated
❖ Unsaturated

Structure of Fatty Acids

 SATURATED
▪ Solid at room temperature
▪ No double bond between molecules
▪ Increase low density lipoprotein, the bad
cholesterol
▪ Saturated fat is very harmful as it can
clog the arteries and increase the risk of
heart diseases
▪ Meat, butter, dairy product
UNSATURATED
▪ Liquid at room temperature
▪ Have double bonds
▪ Have the ability to keep the LDL
cholesterol low and raise the high density
lipoprotein cholesterol, the good
cholesterol
▪ Unsaturated fat is very beneficial for
health and lowers the risk of heart
diseases
▪ Olive, peanut, and canola oils, Avocados,
Nuts such as almonds, hazelnuts, and
pecans, seeds such as pumpkin and
sesame seeds.
 Essential and Nonessential
Fatty Acid
Fatty acid that can be synthesized are called NON-
ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID.

Fatty acid which cannot be produced in body are

called ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID.

Essential fatty acids must be obtained from food.

They fall into two categories—omega-3 and

omega-6.

Example of ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID.

• Linoleic (18 carbons, 2 cis double bonds)
• Linolenic (18 carbons, 3 cis double bonds)
 Waxes
▪ Simple esters of fatty acids (usually with long chain monohydric
alcohols)
▪ Protective coatings on leaves, stems and fruits of plant and the
skin of animals
 Phospholipids
▪ Phospholipids are major components of the plasma membrane,
the outermost layer of animal cells.

▪ Like fats, they are composed of fatty acid chains attached to a

glycerol backbone.

▪ A phospholipid is an amphipathic molecule, meaning it has a

hydrophobic part and a hydrophilic part.

✓Phospholipids have a key role in the structure and properties

of cell membranes.
Some foods that contain phospholipids include……
 Spingolipid
▪ Sphingolipids are the second most abundant form of lipids in
the cell membrane. cell membranes of nerve cells and brain
cells.
▪ The main difference between phospholipids and sphingolipids
is that phospholipids consist of a glycerol backbone whereas
sphingolipids consist of a sphingosine backbone.
▪ Both are two classes of lipids mainly found in the cell
membrane of all living organisms.
▪ The main difference between phospholipids and sphingolipids
is the structure of the molecule and the abundance in the cell
membrane.
 Steroids

▪ Steroids are lipids because they are

hydrophobic and insoluble in water,
but they do not resemble lipids since
they have a structure composed of
four fused rings.
▪ Composed of four fused ring
▪ Cholesterol is the most common
steroid and is the precursor to vitamin
D, testosterone, estrogen,
progesterone, aldosterone, cortisol,
and bile salts.
Cholesterols…
.▪ Cholesterol is one of several types of fats (lipids) that play an important role in your
body
▪ Cholesterol has a –OH group which provides the polarity and a hydrocarbon group at the
other end which adds to its hydrophobic nature.

Cholesterol is a waxy substance found in all cells of body.

The body needs it to make hormones, Vitamin D, and substances that aid in digestion.
 Roles of lipids
▪ Hold and protect organs and nerves in the right position
against mechanical injuries and shock.
▪ Insulate the body to maintain body temperature.
▪ On epidermis they are involved in maintaining water barrier.
▪ Act as electrical insulator of nervous system.
▪ Aid in the digestive process(encouraging gastric secretion,
slowing gastric emptying, facilitate in digesting and absorbing
fat and soluble-fat vitamins, and stimulating biliary and
pancreatic flow).
▪ In many animals, some lipids are secreted into environment
and to attract or repel other organisms.
Proteins are the embodiment of the transition from the one-
dimensional world of sequences to the three-dimensional
world of molecules capable of diverse activities.
 Protein
▪ Large molecules composed of one or more chains of amino
acids in a specific order determined by the base sequence of
nucleotides in the DNA coding for the protein.

▪ Amino acids are the basic building blocks of proteins such as

enzymes, hormones, and body tissues.
AMINO ACIDS
 How do amino acid polymerize?
▪ The amino acids of a protein are connected to each other by peptide bonds .

▪ Formation of peptide bond:

▪ -When the amino group of an amino acid combines with the carboxyl group of
another amino acid.
 Protein : Levels of Organization
▪ Protein are polymers of amino acids.
▪ Polypeptides containing more than 50 amino acids
▪ The structure of proteins are complex
▪ The function of a protein is only expressed when the protein has achieved its
three-dimensional shape.
▪ Consists of 4 levels of organization:

Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary

structure structure structure structure
 Protein Structure
PRIMARY (1º) STRUCTURE
▪ Primary structure of protein refers to the sequence and arrangement of amino acids in
polypeptide chain.
▪ Its formed by covalent peptide bonds between the amine and carboxyl groups of adjacent
amino acids

SECONDARY (2º) STRUCTURE

▪ A polypeptide folds in a repeating arrangement to form α-helices and β-pleated sheets
▪ A result of hydrogen bonding between the amine and carboxyl groups of non-adjacent
amino acids

TERTIARY (3º) STRUCTURE

▪ The polypeptide chain coils and turns to form a complex molecular shape (i.E. The 3D
shape)
▪ Tertiary structure may be important for the function of the protein.

QUATERNARY (4º) STRUCTURE

▪ Multiple polypeptides or prosthetic groups may interact to form a single, larger,
biologically active protein (quaternary structure)
▪ Quaternary structures may be held together by a variety of bonds
 Levels Of Organization

Proteins are synthesized as a primary sequence and then fold into

secondary → tertiary → and quaternary structures.
 Roles of protein:

Structural
Antibody. Enzyme. Messenger. Transport/storage.
component.
• Antibodies bind to • Enzymes carry • Messenger • These proteins • These proteins
specific foreign out almost all of proteins, such as provide structure bind and carry
particles, such as the thousands of some types of and support for atoms and small
viruses and chemical hormones, cells. On a larger molecules within
bacteria, to help reactions that transmit signals scale, they also cells and
protect the body. take place in cells. to coordinate allow the body to throughout the
They also assist biological move. body.
with the processes
formation of new between different
molecules by cells, tissues, and
reading the organs.
genetic
information
stored in DNA.
 Nucleic Acids
▪ Complex molecules containing elements of carbon, oxygen, phosphorus
and nitrogen.
▪ Two major nucleic acids in life:
- Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA)
- Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
▪ The building blocks of nucleic acids=nucleotides.
▪ Units of nucleotides arranged and linked to form=polynucleotide.
▪ Each nucleic acid consisting one or two polypeptide chains.
.
Nucleotide structure
What Are the 3 Parts of a Nucleotide?
Protein
Phosphate

 Phosphate esterified to the C5’ of the sugar

Bases
 There are 2 types of bases:
1) Purines

 The purines (A and G) occurs in both DNA and RNA.

Adenine (A) Guanine (G)

2) Pyrimidines

 Among pyrimidines, C occurs in both RNA and DNA, but

-T occurs in DNA
-U occurs in RNA

Cytosine (C) Thymine (T) Uracil (U)

 Function of Nucleic acids
▪ Nucleic acid is an important class of macromolecules found in all cells
and viruses.
▪ The functions of nucleic acids have to do with the storage and
expression of genetic information.
▪ Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) encodes the information the cell needs to
make proteins.
 Nucleotides in DNA and RNA
▪ DNA differs from RNA in the number of strands presence, the base composition and the
type pentose.
DNA RNA

Stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid Ribonucleic acid

Nitrogen bases Adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine Adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil

Number of strand Two One

Functions Stores genetic information which controls Transfer genetic code out of nucleus.
cell functions Transfer genetic codes into proteins

Location Inside nucleus and mitochondria only Inside and outside nucleus

Major types Nuclear DNA (nDNA) and mitochondrial Messenger RNA (mRNA)
DNA (mtDNA Transfer RNA(tRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
In terms of overall structure, all macromolecules
except the lipids are considered polymers.
A polymer is a chain of similar subunits, or
monomers, that are linked together by covalent
bonds.
In proteins, the monomers are amino acids; in
carbohydrates, the monomers are sugars; and in
nucleic acids, the monomers are nucleotides.
ANY QUESTION?