MOLECULES OF LIFE

BIOLOGY. 10 GRADE
https://www.menti.com/a66ape4vh4

 https://www.menti.com/a66ape4vh4
What are you made of?

 ThiNK AbOuT iT What are you made of ? Just as

buildings are made from bricks, steel, glass, and
wood, living things are made from chemical
compounds. But it doesn’t stop there. When you
breathe, eat, or drink, your body uses the substances
in air, food, and water to carry out chemical
reactions that keep you alive. If the first task of an
architect is to understand building materials, then
what would be the first job of a biologist?
What are we made of?

• MENTIMETER, WHAT ARE WE MADE OF?

• Observe your hands and answer this question?
 https://www.menti.com/akc4fd3qt7
What are you made of?

 Take a White paper and draw you and.

 You can draw one side or another.
 Use colours to do it and try to be as accurate as you can.
 Observer your hand and make 5 questions about it. Try to
make interesting questions. After that, choose one of
them to send it to one of your classmates.

What are
we made
of?
Try to guess. Write 5
lines trying to answer
the question.
What are we made of?

https://www.energy.gov/articles/particle-physics-
you#:~:text=The%20particles%20we're%20made,that%20are%20essential%20for%20life
 Gluons and Quarks

Quarks and gluons are the building blocks of protons and neutrons, which in turn are the
building blocks of atomic nuclei. Scientists’ current understanding is that quarks and
gluons are indivisible—they cannot be broken down into smaller components. They are
the only fundamental particles to have something called color-charge. In addition to
having a positive or negative electric-charge (like protons and neutrons), quarks and
gluons can have three additional states of charge: positive and negative redness,
greenness, and blueness. These so-called color charges are just names—they are not
related to actual colors. The force that connects positive and negative color charges is
called the strong nuclear force. This strong nuclear force is the most powerful force
involved with holding matter together. It is much stronger than the three other
fundamental forces: gravity, electromagnetism, and the weak nuclear forces. Because
the strong nuclear force is so powerful, it makes it extremely difficult to separate quarks
and gluons. Because of this, quarks and gluons are bound inside composite particles.
https://www.energy.gov/science/
THE NATURE OF MATTER

ThiNK AbOuT iT What are you made of ? Just as buildings are made
from bricks, steel, glass, and wood, living things are made from
chemical compounds. But it doesn’t stop there. When you breathe,
eat, or drink, your body uses the substances in air, food, and water to
carry out chemical reactions that keep you alive. If the first task of an
architect is to understand building materials, then what would be the
first job of a biologist? Clearly, it is to understand the chemistry of
life.
 Atoms

What three subatomic

particles make up
atoms?

 Read the text and extract two main ideas about it.
 What are Protons, neutrons and electrons?
 Is there anything else inside protons and neutrons?
 Chemical compounds

 In nature, most elements are found combined
with other elements in compounds. A chemical
compound is a substance formed by the chemical
combination of two or more elements in definite
proportions. Scientists show the composition of
compounds by a kind of shorthand known as a
chemical formula. Water, which contains two
atoms of hydrogen for each atom of oxygen, has
the chemical formula H2O.
 The physical and chemical properties of a
compound are usually very different from those
of the elements from which it is formed. For
example, hydrogen and oxygen, which are gases at
room temperature, can combine explosively and
form liquid water.

 Write in your notebook three chemical compounds that you can find in your body and what are their functions
THE WATER MOLECULE

 Read and write.

 Why is the water molecule

polar?
 POLARITY

 A POLAR MOLECULE has a partially positive end and a

partially negative end. The molecule achieves this by
 Because water is a polar molecule, it is able
having an uneven distribution of electrons between its to form multiple hydrogen bonds, which
atom. account for many of water’s special
properties. What special properties?

 In the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen, the

oxygen atom attracts electrons slightly more strongly than
the hydrogen atoms.

 The uneven distribution of electrons gives the water

molecule a slightly negative charge near its oxygen atom
and a slightly positive charge near its hydrogen atoms.

 Because of their partial positive and negative charges,

polar molecules such as water can attract each other.
COHESION, ADHESION AND HEAT
CAPACITY

 HEAT
 COHESION CAPACITY

 ADHESION
EXPERIMENT

How many drops can a coin hold?

Why can a money hold so many

drops?
CARBON COMPOUNDS

 Why is CARBON SO INTERESTING. Read first paragraph on page 37 and answer the
question.
 It can bond with many elements thanks to its 4 electrons.
 It can bond with another carbon atom.
MACROMOLECULES

 Carbon compounds are so large MACROMOLECULES

 Smaller units – MONOMERS

 bigger units - POLYMERS

 Scientists sort macromolecules in

our body as:
MACROMOLECULES IN OUR BODY

 CARBOHYDRATES
 LIPIDS
 NUCLEO ACIDS
 PROTEINS
 TERM
 DEFINITION
 TYPES
 FUNCTIONS IN THE BODY

 MAKE GROUPS AND MAKE A SLIDE WITH ONE OF THE MACROMOLECULES

CARBOHYDRATES

 Made up by: CARBON, HYDROGEN AND OXIGEN ATOMS. 1-2-1

 Used as a MAIN SOURCE OF ENERGY. Plants use Carbohydrates for structural purposes.

 GLUCOSE - Immediate source of energy.

 SIMPLE SUGAR.
 MONOSACCHARIDES:
 Glucose
 Galactose: component of milk
 Fructose: in many fruits.
 Table sugar: glucosa and fructose.
 CARBOHYDRATES

 COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES
 POLYSACCHARIDES: Large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides.
 GLYCOGEN – ANIMAL STARCH.
 Released when your level of glucosa in your blood runs low.
 Glycogen stored in your muscles supplies the energy for muscle contraction and movement.

 PLANTS STORAGE SUGAR IN STARCH.

 ALSO THEY MAKE CELLULOSE. Flexible polysaccharide that give plants their strength and
rigidity.

 Look for the chemical strucuture of other MONOSACCHARIDE AND ANOTHER

POLISACCHARIDE and draw it in your notebook
 LIPIDS

 Mostly made from CARBON and HYDROGEN.

 FATS, OILS AND WAXES.

 Can be used to STORE ENERGY, BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES AND

WATERPROOF COVERINGS.

 GLYCEROL MOLECULE combine with compounds called FATTY ACIDS

 LIPIDS

 SATURATED:
 Each carbon in the fatty acid chain is joined
by a SINGLE BOND.
 They contains the máximum number of
Hydrogens.

 UNSATURATED.
 Fatty acids contains double bonds
LIPIDS

Look for information about saturated an

unsaturated food. What are healthier? Why?
 NUCLEIC ACIDS

 Contains HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, CARBON AND PHOSPHORUS

 POLYMERS assembled from monomers known as NUCLEOTIDS.
 NUCLEOTIDS:
 5-carbon sugar
 A phosphate group (-PO4)
 A nitrogenous base

 ATP: adenosin triphosphate. Capturing transfer chemical energy

 Store and transmit hereditary, or genetic information. RNA, DNA.

PROTEINS

 Contains NITROGEN, CARBON, HYDROGEN AND OXIGEN.

 Some PROTEINS:
 Control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes.
 Form important celular structures.
 Transport substances
 Help to fight disease.

 Made by monomers called AMINO ACIDS.

 AMINO GROUP (-NH2)
 CARBOXYL GRUOP (-COOH)
 PROTEINS

 A PEPTIDE is a molecule that results from the unión of two or more amino acids.

 Analyse what is happening.

 Look for some PEPTIDES which work as hormones and their functions.
 CHEMICAL REACTIONS.

 A chemical reaction is a process that changes one set of

chemicals into another.
 Chemical reactions also involve changes in energy. Some
reactions release energy, and some use energy.

 ENERGY IN REACTIONS. Read page 43.

 Chemical reactions that give off energy often happen
on their own. Chemical reactions that take in energy
will not happen without a source of energy.
 Chemists call the energy that is needed to get a
reaction started activation energy.
 ENZYMES

 Some reactions are Slow -> CATALYST needed.

 A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical
reaction. Catalysts work by lowering a reaction’s activation
energy.

 ENZYMES are catalysts in living things.

 Speed up reactions in cells.
 The reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions are known as substrates.
 The substrates bind to a site on the enzyme called the active site.
 Enzyme changes a substrate slightly so that a specific chemical bond is weakened.
ENZYMES AND SUBSTRATE

Enzymes are catalysts for reactions, so they can be affected by

many things. Temperature, pH, and other molecules can affect
how enzymes work.

Look for some examples of enzymes in the human body and

explain their functions.