Hwang

TCHS
Biology Semester I Final Exam Study Guide

Study ALL vocabulary terms that we learned in chapters 1, 2, 3, 4.2, 7, 8, and 9.

Study your notes and the textbook. Below are questions to help focus your studying. These questions
do not necessarily cover every single topic on the final exam. They are meant to guide your efforts as
you review all of your notes and the book.

Chapter 1

1. Name the 8 characteristics of life.

order, response to the environment, reproduction, growth and development, regulation, homeostasis, and energy processing

2. In a controlled experiment, how many variables are changed at one time?

In a controlled experiment, only one variable is changed at a time
3. Describe the main differences between a light microscope and an electron microscope.
Electron microscopes produce an image of a specimen by using a beam of electrons, instead of using a beam of light like a light microscope

4. What is the difference between an objective lens and an ocular lens?

The objective lens is closer to the specimen under observation, while the ocular lens is farther to the sample

5. What are the basic units for length, mass and volume in the metric system?
The basic units for length, mass and volume in the metric system are meters, grams, and liters

Chapter 2

1. Name the three particles that make up atoms and state the charge of each. Where is each
located?
Inside the nucleus are the positively-charged protons and neutral neutrons. The electrons with a
negative charge orbit the valence.
2. What is the difference between ionic and covalent bonds?
Ionic bonds are formed when oppositely charged particle attract. However, covalent bonds are formed when shared valence electrons fulfill both outer shells

3. What type of electron forms bonds?

Valence electrons are usually the type of electrons that do the bonding
4. What is the most abundant compound in living things?
H2O is the most abundant compound in living things
5. Explain why a water molecule is polar.
The unequal sharing of electrons between the atoms and the unsymmetrical shape of the molecule means that the molecule is polar
6. What are the four main groups of organic biomolecules?
The four main groups of organic biomolecules are nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.
7. Name the monomers that make up each of the following polymers

a. Polysaccharide
glucose, fructose, and galactose
b. Protein
amino acids
c. Nucleic acid
nucleotides
 8. How does an enzyme affect chemical reactions?
An enzyme affects chemical reactions by increasing the rate of chemical reactions without themselves being consumed

9. What factors can affect enzyme activity?

The factors that affect enzyme activity are temperature, pH, and concentration.

10. Name the three polysaccharides that we went over, state the function of each and state whether
each is found in a plant or animal.
Glucose is a polysaccharide found in both plants and animals and functions as energy. Additionally, glucose allows plants to make other
substances like cellulose and starch.

Chapters 3-5

1. What is the source of energy in almost all ecosystems?

The source of energy in most ecosystems is the sun.

2. What is the source of energy in hydrothermal vent ecosystems at the bottom of the ocean?
The source of energy at the bottom of the ocean is mineral-rich hydro-thermal fluid

3. What is the difference between chemosynthetic bacteria and photosynthetic bacteria?

The difference between chemosynthetic and photosynthetic bacteria is how they get their energy

4. What percent of available energy is transferred on to the next trophic level? What is the rest of
the energy used for?
10% of energy is transferred on to the next trophic level. The rest of the energy is either used for life processes of the organism or lost as
heat

5. Name the main events of the carbon cycle. How does carbon dioxide get into the atmosphere?
Photosynthesis, exchange, extraction, and combustion. When organisms die, carbon dioxide gets back into the atmosphere by volcanic
eruptions, blazing fires, burned fossil fuels, and a number of other mechanics.
6. What is the main difference in the ways that energy and nutrients move through the biosphere?
Energy flows through the biosphere and cannot be reused, while elements get recycled

7. Give examples
Mutualism: of mutualism,
oxpecker and zebra commensalism and parasitism.
Commensalism: a bird making a nest in a tree
Paratism: fleas
8. What is the role of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in ecosystems?
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria supplies plants with the vital nutrient that they cannot obtain from the air themselves.
Chapter 7

1. State all the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Prokaryotic cells are always unicellular, while eukaryotic cells are usually multicellular
2. State the functions of the following cell structures:

a. Nucleus control center of a cell

b. Nucleolus area where ribosomes are made

c. Mitochondria generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions.

d. Chloroplast convert light energy into relatively stable chemical energy

e. Rough ER produce proteins that will become part of the endomembrane system

f. Smooth ER make cellular products like hormones and lipids

g. Ribosome making proteins

h. Centrioles organizing microtubules that serve as the cell's skeletal system

i. Cell wall provide structural strength and support

j. Golgi apparatus prepares proteins and lipid molecules for use in other places inside and outside the cell

k. Vacuole help sequester waste products

3. The cell membrane has channels and pumps that move materials through it. What are those
channels and pumps made of?
The channels and pumps of the cell membrane are made of proteins
4. Consider the following terms and state whether each requires energy or not:

a. Diffusion no energy

b. Osmosis no energy

c. Facilitated diffusion no energy

d. Active transport energy

5. What happens to an animal cell when placed in a hypotonic solution? Hypertonic? Isotonic?
cytolysis, plasmolysis, no net flow

6. What happens to a plant cell when placed in a hypotonic solution? Hypertonic? Isotonic?
the cells take up water from external medium and swell up, the cell will shrivel and die, cell will not swell or shrink
Chapter 8

1. What are the three parts of an ATP molecule? Draw an ATP molecule.
nitrogenous base (adenine), a ribose sugar, and three serially bonded phosphate groups
2. When energy is released, how does the structure of ATP change?

3. Describe the equation for photosynthesis. (What are the products and reactants?)
reactant products6CO 2 + 6H2O → C6H12O 6 + 6O 2
4. Know the parts of a chloroplast: thylakoid, grana, stroma

5. Where, specifically, is chlorophyll found? Where are the photosystems located?

Chlorophyll is found in a plants chloroplasts. Photosystems are located in the thylakoid membrane

6. Where do the light-dependent reactions take place? What happens in the light-dependent

reactions? In the light-dependent reactions in the thylakoid membrane, sunlight is converted to chemical energy

7. Where does the Calvin cycle take place? What happens in the Calvin cycle?
In the Calvin cycle of the stroma, ATP and NADPH are produced to make sugar
8. Be familiar with the concepts in Figure 8-7.

9. Describe the effects of light, water and temperature on the rate of photosynthesis.
Increasing the light intensity will increase the rate of photosynthesis, Low temperatures will limit the rate of photosynthesis

Chapter 9

1. List the three stages of cellular respiration in the correct order. Then state the location of each
(be specific) as well as how many ATP are gained in each stage.
Glycolysis in cytoplasm: gains 2 ATP, Krebs Cycle in the mitochondrial matrix: gains 2 ATP, and Electron transport in the inner membrane of mitochondria: gains 32 ATP

2. In cellular respiration, how many molecules of ATP are produced for every molecule of
glucose?
36 ATP per glucose molecule

3. Describe the equation for cellular respiration. (What are the products and reactants?)
reactant products C6 H1 2 O6  + 6O2  → 6CO2  + 6H2 O

4. What are the two main types of fermentation? Describe both.

alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. Alcoholic fermentation is used to make bread rise, while Lactic acid fermentation helps you lose weight.
5. What is the starting molecule for glycolysis? The Krebs Cycle?
glucose; pyruvic acid
6. Does cellular respiration occur in plants? Fungi? Animals?
yes, yes, yes