Internship

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 CONTENT

● Objective Of Internship
● Overview Of Company
● Introduction To Dye
● Disperse Dye
● Manufacturing Process Of Disperse Dye
● Disperse Dye Plant
● Formulation Plant
● Equipment
● Conclusion

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 OBJECTIVE OF INTERNSHIP

To get exposure to the industrial Environment

and to learn the process and designing of
equipment by Practically.

Objective To learn are discipline and industrial

of Management. Internship is an attempt to
internship convert the theoretical knowledge to
Practical approach

To learn, understand and sharpen the

technical skills as well as interpersonal
skills

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 INTRODUCTION TO DYE
● A dye is generally a colored organic compound used to color a substrate such as paper, cloth,
leather, or plastic.
● Dyes generally have complicated structures which are made by reaction involving building
blocks as intermediates.
● A dye consists of a colour producing structure, the chromogen. [electron acceptor] and a part to
regulate the solubility and dyeing properties, the auxochrome [electron donor] without both
parts, the material is simply a coloured body. The chromogen is an aromatic body containing a
colour giving group, commonly called the chromophore. Common chromophores are:
1. The nitroso group-NO
2. The nitro group-NO2
3. The azo group
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 CLASSIFICATION OF DYE

Azo dyes
Anthraquinone dyes
Triphenylmethane dyes
Phthalocyanine dyes
1 Quinoline dyes 3 Water-soluble dyes 5
Nitroso dyes
Oil-soluble dyes
Indigoid dyes
Solvent dyes
Natural dyes
Based on Based on
Based on Based on Based on
Chemical Application
Origin Solubility Use
Structure Method

Natural dyes Direct dyes Textile dyes

Synthetic dyes Reactive dyes Food dyes
Acid dyes Ink dyes
2 Basic dyes 4 Leather dyes
Disperse dyes Hair dyes
Vat dyes Medical dyes
Pigments
.
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 “
DISPERSE DYE

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 DISPERSE DYE

● The term “disperse dye” have been applied to the organic colouring substances which are free from
ionizing groups, are of low water solubility and are suitable for dyeing hydrophobic fibres. The dye has
derived its name for its insoluble aqueous properties and the need to apply it from an aqueous dispersion.
Of all the dyes, they are of the smallest molecular size.
● Disperse dyes have substantivity for one or more hydrophobic fibres e.g., cellulose acetate, nylon,
polyester, acrylic and other synthetic fibres.

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 DISPERSE DYE

PROPERTIES OF DISPERSE DYES

● Disperse dyes are non-ionic dyes. So, they are free from ionizing group. They are ready made
dyes and are insoluble in water or have very low water solubility. They are organic colouring
substances which are suitable for dyeing hydrophobic fibres.
● Disperse dyes are used for dyeing man-made cellulose ester and synthetic fibres specially
acetate and polyester fibres and sometimes nylon and acrylic fibres.
● Of all dyestuffs disperse dyes are of smallest molecular size.
● Generally, disperse dyes are derivatives of azo, anthraquinone, nitro and quinine groups.
● Carrier or dispersing agents are required for dyeing with disperse dyes. They do not undergo
any chemical change during dyeing.

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 MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF DISPERSE DYE
● In dye and chemicals pvt.ltd the manufacturing process of Disperse dye is divided into two parts:
1. DISPERSE
DYE PLANT
In this plant from 4 steps
the wet cake of Disperse
dye is prepared.
[1)diazo preparation
2)coupling preparation
3)Filtration
4)turbo slurry preparation]
2. FORMULATIONS
PLANT
In this plant wet cake
drying, grinding, and
standardization happens and
manufactured dye powder is
sent to laboratory testing and
then it is packed and
departed at store room and
from there its transportation
is occurs.
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 1. DISPERSE DYE PLANT

Diazo Preparation 1. Diazo Preparation

• In the first step, we produce a diazonium salt to react with a coupling

component. This is done by introducing NSA with strong acid H2SO4 in

jacketed glass reactor with agitators. and due to addition of NSA and H2SO4,

Temperature is increased and therefore the brine is used in the jacket to

maintain the Temperature. Then amine is added in it and diazo is prepared. This

reaction is known as a Diazotization reaction.

• The addition of Amine is done at different-different Temperature. If it is added

at Temperature of 30-35°C, 15-20°C, 0-5°C temp then it will take 8-10 hours,

15-20 hours, 25 hours respectively. As per the requirements of dye different

Amine is used like (DCPNA, DBPNA, CYNO-PNA).

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 DISPERSE DYE PLANT

2. Coupling Preparation:
● In this step prepared diazo of first step is added in the PP reactor which is initially
filled with water, ice, coupler(a TK-5, TK-7, TK-8 IN ILQID FORM AND SD-01,

Coupling SD-10, SD-12 IN SOLID FORM) and strong acid like HCL, H2SO4, acetic acid.
Preparation ● The addition of diazo will take 5-6 hour. And then an end point test will show if
the reaction completed. You achieve this by testing a salted sample of the coupling
solution with a diazo or coupling. Normally, a slight excess of either the diazo or
coupling exists. Whichever component was in excess will react after performing
this test.

● Once you complete the test and the results look good, we can move to the next
step. And if all looks good then heating is done at temp interval of 20-30°C, 45-
50°C, 70-80°C, 90-95°C which will take 1.30-2hr, 2-4hr, 4-5hr, 8-9hr respectively.

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 DISPERSE DYE PLANT

3. Filtration:

● In this step product of 2nd step with pH of 2-2.5 is

washed with water of 7 pH and the with addition of
air it goes in the filter press .in which we obtained
dump wet filter cake and water or other Solvent is
Filtration
discharged from the filter press.

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 DISPERSE DYE PLANT

4. Turbo Slurry Preparation:

● In this step wet cake is added in the stainless still reactor

which is previously added with the TK-85-89. Now for
adjusting the pH of the mixture HCl, acetic acid is added into
it. After 8-10 hour our slurry is prepared and then it is ready
to move in formulation plant. It contains at least 50% water,
Turbo Slurry
Preparation: which we’ll remove by drying in the form plant.

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 2. FORMULATION PLANT

● In this plant unit operation is done on the 1st plant's product. In this plant wet cake drying,
grinding, and standardization happens and manufactured dye powder Is sent to laboratory testing
and then it is packed and departed at store room and from there its transportation is occurs.

● In this plant first the prepared dye slurry is added in the spray dryer in which moisture or water is
remove from the slurry and discharged and also in this reactor size of the dye is decreased and
came out in the powder form. This plant is fully automatic and all the process is observed in
computer. In this plant manufactured dye powder 's diameter is in micron.

● The last step is to test the dye to ensure it meets specifications for the end product. These include
concentration, shade, solubility, and often use-specific tests. Once completed, the dye is
standardized based on customers’ requests. As per the requirements it is packed in bag. As shown
in the figure. And sent to the storage area.
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 EQUIPMENTS

Glass Lined Reactor PP Reactor Stainless Steel

Reactor

Filter press Spray Dryer

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 CONCLUSION

● After completing 2 weeks of industrial internship, I got the knowledge about industries and

learned about dye and chemical manufacturing industries. dye and chemicals pvt.ltd is a good
place for me to enhance my knowledge practically.

● I learned about various types of dye and their properties. I also learned about the various types of

reactors, filters, dryers etc. I also got the knowledge of how the equipment’s work and their uses.

● I learned about manufacturing of Disperse dyes. I learned about how to apply theoretical

knowledge we get in our academic period into real life problems.

● The training provided exposure to industry environment, culture, ethics etc. This internship taught

me important things like discipline, time management and communication with seniors.

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• Information “
REFERENCES

about
https://chemistnotes.com/organic/dye-definition-classification-example/
dye:

• “Disperse Dye - an overview ScienceDirect Topics”. www.sciencedirect.com Retrieved Glass

lined reactor: http://taijiglasslined.com/1-glass-lined-reactor/232311/
• Stainless steel: https://www.theengineeringconcepts.com/stainless-steel-reactor-its-parts/
• Safety: https://safetyculture.com/topics/safety-symbols/
• https://www.safetybuyer.com/blog/the-colours-of-safety-signs-what-do-they- mean.
• https://hsewatch.com/21-important-safety-symbols-and-their-meanings
• Kiron, M. I. (2021, March 6). Disperse Dyes: Properties, Classification, Dyeing and Printing
Method. Textile Learner. https://textilelearner.net/disperse-dyes-dyeing-and-printing-method/.

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THANK YOU