SOUHARDYA TALUKDAR

ROLL NO:
 INDEX
SL No Content Page No.
INDEX

1 INTRODUCTION 4

2 CHARACTERISTICS OF A DYE 5

3 TYPES OF DYES 5

4 EXPERIMENT 8

5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 11

6 BIBLIOGRAPHY 12

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 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Souhardya Talukdar, , of Class
XII Sc. A of Birla High School, Kolkata has completed this
project under my supervision. He has taken interest and
shown utmost sincerity in completion of this project for the
AISSCE,2024. He has successfully completed the Project
work in CHEMISTRY (043) PRACTICAL up to my satisfaction.

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Signature of the Subject Teacher Signature of the External Examiner Signature of the Principal
INTRODUCTION

Dyes are coloured substances which can adhere to the

surface of materials and are used to give colour to paper,
food-stuffs and various textiles such as cotton, wool,
synthetic fibres, silk etc. For example, alizarin, indigo,
congo red, etc. Chemically, a dye contains:
(i) Some group (such as azo, indigoid,
triphenylmethyl, anthraquinone, etc.) which is
responsible for the colour of the dye.
(ii) Some group (such as -NH2,-SO,H,-COOH, etc.)
which makes the dye stick to the fabric by
formation of some salt.

The dyed fabrics appear to be coloured because a particular

dye absorbs radiations of some specific wavelengths from the
visible region of electromagnetic radiations which fall on its
surface. The remaining radiations (complementary colours) of
light are reflected. The colour which we observe is due to this
reflected light. For example, if a dye absorbs the light in the
wavelength region corresponding to red, then it would
appear green, which is the complementary colour of red.
Similarly, if a dye absorbs blue colour, it would appear orange.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF A DYE

1. It must have a suitable colour.

2. It must be capable of being fixed to the material.
3. When fixed it must be fast to detergents, soaps,
water, dry-cleaning solvents, light and dilute acids.

TYPES OF DYES

The dyes are classified by dye manufacturers for marketing

into the following types:
1. Acid dyes: These are azo dyes and are characterised by
the presence of acidic groups. The presence of acidic
group makes the dyes more soluble and serves as the
reactive points for fixing the dye to the fibre. They are
chiefly used for dyeing wool, silk and nylon. For example,
Orange I and Orange II.

2. Basic dyes: These dyes contain organic basic groups such

as NH, or NR. In acidic solutions, these form water
soluble cations and use the anionic site on the fabric to
get them- selves attached. These are used for dyeing
wool, silk and nylon. For example, aniline yellow, butter
yellow.

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3. Direct dyes: These are also azo dyes and are used to dye
the fabrics directly by placing in aqueous solution of the
dye. These dyes attach to the fabrics by means of
hydrogen bonding.

4. Disperse dyes: These dyes are applied in the form of a

dispersion of minute particles of the dye in a soap
solution in the presence of phenol or benzoic acid. These
dyes are used to dye rayons, dacron, nylon, polyesters
etc. For example, celliton fast pink B and celliton fast
blue B.

5. Fibre reactive dyes: These dyes are linked to the

fibre by -OH or by -NH2 group present on the fibre.
These dyes induce fast colour on fibres which is
retained for a longer time. These dyes are used for
dyeing cotton, wool and silk.

6. Insoluble dyes: These dyes are directly synthesised

on the fibre. The fabric to be coloured is soaked in
an alkaline solution of phenol and then treated
with a solution of diazotised amine to produce azo
dye. The colour induced by such dyes is not fast.
These dyes are used for dyeing of cotton, silk,
polyester nylon, etc. For example, nitroaniline red.

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7. Vat dyes: These dyes are water-insoluble and
before dyeing these are reduced to colourless
compounds in wooden vats by alkaline reducing
agent. The fibre is then soaked in the solution of
the dye. Fibre is then exposed to air or an oxidizing
agent. By doing so the colourless compound gets
reoxidised to coloured dye on the fabric. For
example, indigo.

8. Mordant dyes: These dyes are applied after

treating the fabric with precipitates of certain
substances (mordant material) which then
combines with the dye to form a coloured complex
called lake. Some of the mordants are salts of
aluminium, iron and tannic acids. Depending on
the mordant used, the same mordant dye can give
different colour and shades. For example, alizarin
gives red colour with aluminium and black violet
with iron mordant. Mordant dyes are used for
dyeing of wool, silk and cotton.

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EXPERIMENT

REQUIREMENTS
500 ml beakers, tripod stand, wire gauze, glass rod, spatula,
wool cloth and cotton cloth. Sodium carbonate, tannic acid,
tartaremetic and malachite green dye.

PROCEDURE
1. Preparation of sodium carbonate solution: Take
about 0.5 g of solid sodium carbonate and dissolve
it in 250 ml of water.
2. Preparation of tartaremetic solution: Take about
0.2 g of tartaremetic and dissolve it in 100 ml of
water by stirring with the help of glass rod.
3. Preparation of tannic acid solution: Take 100 ml of
water in a beaker and add about 1.0 g of tannic
acid to it. Heat the solution. On heating a clear
solution of tannic acid is obtained.
4. Preparation of dye solution: Take about 0.1 g of
malachite green dye and add to it 400 ml of water.
On warming a clear solution of the dye results.
5. Dyeing of wool: Take about 200 ml of dye solution
and dip in it the woollen cloth to be dyed. Boil the
solution for about 2 minutes. After that remove

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 the cloth and wash it with hot water 3-4 times,
squeeze and keep it for drying.
6. Dyeing of cotton: Cotton does not absorb
malachite green readily, therefore it re- quires the
use of a mordant. For dyeing a cotton cloth dip it in
sodium carbonate solution for about 10 minutes
and then rinse with water. Then put the cloth in
hot tannic acid solution for about 5 minutes. Now
take out the cloth from tannic acid solution and
keep it in tartaremetic solution for about 5
minutes. Remove the cloth and squeeze it with
spatula to remove most of the solution. Now place
the cloth in boiling solution of the dye for about 2
minutes. Remove and wash the dyed cloth
thoroughly with water, squeeze and keep it for
drying.
7. Dyeing of cotton directly: Take another piece of
cotton cloth and put it directly into boiling solution
of the dye. Keep it dipped for about 2 minutes.
Remove the cloth, wash with water, squeeze and
keep it for drying.
8. Compare the colour of this cloth with that of dyed by
using mordant.

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OBSERVATIONS
1. The colour of wool cloth dyed directly by dipping in
hot solution of malachite green dye is fast.
2. The colour of cotton cloth dyed directly (without
using mordant) by dipping in hot solution of
malachite green is not fast to washing and is of low
intensity.
3. The colour of cotton cloth dyed indirectly by using
mordant and then by dipping in hot solution of
malachite green is fast to washing and is of high
intensity.

CONCLUSION
The fabrics are dyed with malachite green according to
desired manner.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks and

gratitude to my teacher Mr. A. K. MAITI who gave
me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful
project in CHEMISTRY(043) PRACTICAL on the topic
Dyeing of Fabrics which also helped me in doing a
lot of research and I came to know about so many
new things that I am really thankful to him.
Secondly, I would also like to thank Laboratory
Assistant and friends who helped me a lot in
finalizing this project within the stipulated time.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://www.wikipedia.org/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/eng
ineering/dyeing-process

https://www.fibre2fashion.com/industryar
ticle/3871

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