AMBASSY MILLENNIUM SR. SEC.

SCHOOL

Department : Chemistry

CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that PRATEEK ARYA, student of class XII has successfully
completed the research on the below mentioned project under the guidance of Mrs.
SUNITA (subject teacher) during the year 2018-19 in partial fulfilment of chemistry
practical examination conducted by RBSE ,AJMER .

SIGNATURE OF CHEMISTRY

SIGNATURE OF EXTERNAL
TEACHER

EXAMINER

Page | 2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete this project with
success . Then I would like to thank my chemistry teacher Mrs. SUNITA, whose
valuable guidance has been the one that helped me patch this project and make it full
proof success his suggestion and instruction has served as the major contributor
toward the completion of the project .

Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have helped me with
their valuable suggestion and guidance has been helpful in various phases of the
completion of the project .

Last but not least I would like to thank my classmates who have helped me a
lot .

PRATEEK ARYA

Page | 3
 Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 6
2. Characteristics of a Dye: ............................................................................................................... 7
3. TYPES OF DYES......................................................................................................................... 8
3.1. Acid Dyes .............................................................................................................................. 8
3.2. Basic Dyes ............................................................................................................................. 8
1) ANILINE YELLOW .................................................................................................................... 9
1.1. Direct Dyes ............................................................................................................................ 9
1.2. Disperse Dyes ........................................................................................................................ 9
2) DISPERSE YELLOW ................................................................................................................ 10
2.1. Fibre Reactive Dye .............................................................................................................. 10
2.2. Insoluble Dyes ..................................................................................................................... 10
3) NITROANILLINE RED ............................................................................................................ 11
3.1. Vat Dyes .............................................................................................................................. 11
3.2. Mordant dyes ....................................................................................................................... 11
4. Materials and Equipment ............................................................................................................ 13
5. PROCEDURE............................................................................................................................. 14
6. Observations ............................................................................................................................... 16
7. CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................... 17

Page | 4
 AIM OF THE PROJECT

DYEING OF FABRICS

To dye wool, cotton and silk clothes with malachite green

Page | 5
 1. INTRODUCTION

Dyes are coloured substances which can adhere to the surface of materials
and are used to give colour to paper, silk, synthetic fibres etc. For example ,
alizarin , indigo, congo red etc chemically a dye contains : Some group
(such as azo, indigoid, triphenylmethyl anthraquinone, etc.) which is
responsible for the colour of the dye.

Some group (such as-NH2 . SO3H , COOH, etc) which makes the dye stick
to the fabric by formation of some salt.

The dyed fabrics appear to be coloured because a particular dye absorbs

radiations of specific wavelengths from the visible region of
electromagnetic radiations which fall on its surface. The remaining
radiations are reflected. The colour observed is due to this reflected light.
For example, if a dye absorbs the light in the wavelength region
corresponding to red. Then it would appear green. Which is the
complementary colour of red. Similarly, if a dye absorns blue colour, it
would appear orange.

Page | 6
 2. Characteristics of a Dye:

1. It must have a suitable colour.

2. It must be capable of being fixed to the material. When fixed it must be

fast to detergents, soaps, water, dry-cleaning solvents, light and dilute
acids.

Page | 7
 3. TYPES OF DYES

The dyes are classified by dye manufacturers for marketing into the
following types:

3.1. Acid Dyes

These are azo dyes and are characterised by the presence of acidic
groups. The presence of acidic group makes the dyes more soluble
and serves as the reactive points for fixing the dye to the fibre. They
are chiefly used for dyeing wool, silk and nylon. For example,
Orange I and orange 11.

3.2. Basic Dyes

These dyes contain organic basic groups such as NH2 or NR2 in
acidic solutions they form water soluble cations and use the anionic
sites on the fabric to get themselves attached . These are used for
dying wool silk and nylon for example aniline yellow, butter yellow.

Page | 8
1) ANILINE YELLOW

1.1. Direct Dyes

These are also azo dyes and used to dye fabric directly placing in the
aqueous solution of the dye. These dye attach to the fabric by means
of hydrogen bonding

1.2. Disperse Dyes

These dyes are applied in the form of the dispersion of minute
particles of the dye in the soap solution in the presence of phenol or
benzoic acid . These are used to dye rayons , dacron, nylon, polysters
etc. for example , celliton fast pink B and celliton fast blue B

Page | 9
2) DISPERSE YELLOW

2.1. Fibre Reactive Dye

These dye are linked to the fibre by -OH or by -NH2 group present
on the fibre . These dyes induce fast colour on the fibres which is
retained for a longer time . These dyes are used for dying cotton ,
wool and silk.

2.2. Insoluble Dyes

These dyes are directly synthesised on the fibre . The fabric to be
coloured is soaked in an alkaline solution of phenol and then treated
with a solution of diazotised amine to produce azo dye. The colour
induced by such dyes is not fast. These dyes are used for dyeing of
cotton, silk, polyester nylon, etc. For example, nitroaniline red.

Page | 10
3) NITROANILLINE RED

3.1. Vat Dyes

These dyes are water-insoluble and before dyeing these are reduced to
colourless compounds in wooden vats by alkaline reducing agent. The
fibre is then soaked in the solution of the dye. Fibre is then exposed to
air or an oxidizing agent. By doing so the colourless compound gets
reoxidised to coloured dye on the fabric. For example, indigo.

3.2. Mordant dyes

These dyes are applied after treationg the fabric with precipitates of
certain substances (mordant material ) which then which then combine
with the dye to form a coloured complex called lake. Some of the
mordants are salts of aluminium, iron and tannic acids. Depending on
the mordant used. The same mordant dye can give different colour and

Page | 11
shades. For example, alizarin gives red colour with aluminium and
black violet with iron mordant. Mordant dyes are used for dyeing of
wool, silk and cotton.

Page | 12
 4. Materials and Equipment

To do this experiment following materials and equipment are required:

beakers tripod stand, wire gauze, glass rod,

spatula, wool and cotton cloth Sodium carbonate,

tannic acid, malachite green .

Page | 13
5. PROCEDURE

5.1. Preparation of sodium carbonate solution.

Take about 0.5g if solid sodium carbonate and dissolve it in 250 ml of

water.

5.2. Preparation of tartaremtic solution.

Take about 0.2g of tartaremetic and dissolve it in 100ml of water by

stirring with the help of a glass rod.

5.3. Preparation of tannic acid solution.

Take 100 ml of water in a beaker and add about 1.0g of tannic acid to it.
Heat the solution. On heating a clear solution of tannic acid is obtained.

5.4. Preparation of dye solution.

Take about 0.1g of malachite green dye and add to it 400 ml of water.
On warming a clear solution of the dye results.

5.5. Dyeing of wool and silk.

Take about 200ml dye solution and dip in it the woollen/ silk cloth to be
dyed. Boil the solution for about 2 minutes. After that remove the cloth
and wash it with hot water 3-4 times, squeeze and keep it for drying.

5.6. Dyeing of cotton.

Cotton does not absorb malachite green readily, therefore it requires the
use of a mordant. For dyeing a cotton cloth dip it in sodium carbonate
solution for about 10 minutes and then rinse with water. Then put the
cloth in hot tannic acid solution for about 5 minutes. Now take out the
cloth from tannic acid solution and keep it in tartaremetic solution for
Page | 14
about 5 minutes. Remove the cloth and squeeze it with the spatula to
remove most of the solution. Now place the cloth in boiling solution of
the dye for about 2 minutes. Remove and wash the dyed cloth
thouroughly with water, squeeze and keep it for drying.

5.7. Dyeing of cotton directly.

Take another piece of cotton cloth and put it directly into boiling
solution of the dye. Keep it dipped for about 2 minutes. Remove the
cloth, wash with water, squeeze and keep it for drying.

Page | 15
6. Observations

6.1. The colour of the wool cloth dyed directly by dipping in hot
solution of malachite green dye is fast.
6.2. The colour of cotton cloth dyed directly (without using mordant)
by dipping in hot solution of malachite green is not fast to washing
and is of low intensity.
6.3. The colour of cotton cloth dyed by using mordant and then by
dipping in hot solution of malachite green is fast to washing and is
of high intensity.

Page | 16
 7. CONCLUSION

1. Wool absorb the dye colour well.

2. Use of mordant helps in giving fast colour to the cotton cloth

Page | 17
BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. NCERT textbook class 12

2. NCERT Chemistry lab manual

3. www.scribd.com

4. www.google.com

Page | 18