.

MAKING OF
POSTER
PAINTS
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that ELIKA MANNA of
class XIIC has successfully completed her
research work and the chemistry
investigatory project on the topic ‘MAKING
OF POSTER PAINTS’ under the
supervision of her chemistry teacher
Ms.S.Basu.

_____________ _____________
External Examiner Internal Examiner
 INDEX
SERIAL NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
1 Introduction 1-2
2 Aim 3
3 Materials 4-5
required
4 Theory 6
5 Procedure 7-12
6 Conclusion 13
7 Uses of paints 14
8 Future scope 15
9 Acknowledgement 16
10 Bibliography 16
 INTRODUCTION
 Paint:
Paint is any pigmented liquid or liquefiable composition which, when applied
on a surface as a thin layer in parts protection, colour or texture to the surface.
Paints trace a history as far back as 100,000 years. Findings in a cave in
South Africa resulted in ochre based mixtures that could've been used as
paint. Many other cave paintings may've also been made using haematite,
manganese oxide and charcoal.
Paint has the following components:
1. The Vehicle: It is essentiality an oil which dries on exposure to air. It is
unsaturated in composition, hence on exposure to air it gets saturated (and
hence dried out). It keeps the paint in solution form. E.g Linseed oil
2. Pigments: It is the colouring material added to the above components in order
to impart desired shades. Pigment is added in finely divided powdered state.
The paints with their respective pigments are used in industrial purposes are
given as below:
 White: White lead, Titanium white.
 Red: Red lead, Chrome red, Natural red oxides of iron.
 Yellow: Chrome yellow, Zinc Chromate, Yellow Ochres.
 Brown: Oxides of iron.
 Blue: Prussian blue, Paris blue, Cobalt blue.
3. Solvent:
These reduce viscosity of paints to greater extend. These improve the case of
applying of paint . E.g Petroleum, turpentine, coal tar.
.

 Pigments
Pigments refer to a material that changes the colour of reflected or
transmitted light as a result of wavelength selective absorption. A pigment
must have high tensile strength relative to the materials it colours.
Permanence and stability are desirable properties of pigments, especially
for arts.
 Types of pigments
1. Inorganic Pigment: These are usually metal oxides. Since they are compounds of
heavy metals they are highly toxic and are no longer in use. E.g Lead oxide, Zinc
oxide, Chromium oxide, etc.
2. Organic Pigment: These aren't usually found in nature and hence are synthesized
chemically. They contain carbon and usually come with low levels of toxicity and
low threats to nature. They are of the following types:
 Mono azo pigments: These are usually obtained by azo-coupling of aniline and
aceto acetanilide or their derivatives.
 Di azo pigments
 Acid base dye pigments
 Phthalocyanine pigments: Going with the formula (C8H4N2)4H2, Phthalocyanine is
a large, aromatic, macro cyclic organic compound. Unsubstituted forms of this
compound strongly absorb light between 600 and 700 nm and are hence blue or
green.
 Quinacridone pigments: It has molecular formula of C20H12N2O2. The compound
and its derivatives have high weather steadfastness and exceptional colour. They
are typically deep red or violet in colour.
 Other polycyclic pigments
 AIM
To make poster paints
 MATERIALS REQUIRED
1. Chemicals
• Potassium chromate
• Lead Nitrate
• Iron chloride
• Nickel chloride
• Ammonium hydroxide
• Dimethyl glyoxyamine
• Sodium carbonate
• Copper sulphate
• Liquid detergent
 MATERIALS REQUIRED

2. Miscellaneous
• Water
• Fevicol
• Filter paper
• Measuring cylinder
• Beakers
• Weighing scale
• Funnel
• China dish
 THEORY

Pigment used for the following experiment/activity

have been made by mixing quantities of chemical to
obtain a coloured precipitate. The precipitate is
separated from the solution after filtration. The
dried precipitate is the pigment required. Poster
paints are prepared by the addition of a few drops of
liquid detergent and fevicol to make the paint of
required consistency.
 PROCEDURE

PREPARATION OF PIGMENTS
 CHROME YELLOW
1. 7g of potassium chromate is dissolved in 50mL
of water and 10g of lead nitrate in dissolved in
100mL of water in 2 separate beakers.
2. Potassium chromate solution is poured in the
lead nitrate solution and stirred.
3. Lead chromate precipitates out. We filter it.
4. The precipitate is left to dry.
K2CrO4 + Pb(NO3)2 PbCrO4 + 2KNO3
 PRUSSIAN BLUE
1. 5g of ferric chloride is dissolved in 50mL of
water
2. 10g of potassium ferrocyanide is dissolved in
75mL of water.
3. The ferric chloride solution is added to
potassium ferrocyanide solution and stirred.
4. Dark blue powder settles down as precipitate.
5. the dry precipitate is filtered and left to dry.
3K4[Fe(CN)6] + 4FeCl3 Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 + 12KCl
 WHITE
1. 2.5g of sodium chloride is dissolved in 10mL of
water.
2. 6g of lead nitrate is dissolved in 10mL of water.
3. The sodium chloride solution is added to the
lead nitrate solution and stirred.
4. The white mixture is left undisturbed for 15
minutes.
5. The white powdered precipitate is filtered out
using a funnel and filter paper.
6. The powder is left to dry in a china dish.
2NaCl + Pb(NO3)2 2NaNO3 + PbCl2
 RED
1. 10g of nickel chloride is dissolved in 20mL of
water.
2. To the solution, few drops of ammonium
hydroxide and a few drops of dimethyl
glyoxime is added.
3. The solution is left undisturbed for 15 minutes.
4. The precipitate is filtered out.
5. The precipitate is left to dry in a china dish.
 MALACHITE
1. 5.8g of sodium carbonate is dissolved in 55mL
of water.
2. 12.5g of copper sulphate is dissolved in 50mL
of water.
3. The two solutions are mixed together and left
undisturbed for 10 minutes.
4. The precipitate is filtered out in left dry in a
china dish.
2CuSO4.5H2O + 2Na2CO3 CuCO3. Cu(OH)2 +
2Na2SO4 + CO2 + 9H2O
 CONCLUSION
The paint pigments after drying in the funnels are
taken out and crushed into fine powder, using
mortar and pestle. We pour 30 ml of the medium
(glue) in 5 small beakers. Then, the crushed
pigments are transferred into the medium. The
components are mixed until they are homogenous.
Now, we can use them to paint. We can use the
paints on paper and observe the texture, brightness
and color of the pants. The remaining paints are
stored in containers for further use.
 USES OF PAINTS
Paints and coatings have diverse uses both at home and
in industry. Paints and coatings are broadly classified
into Architectural paints and Industrial coatings:
• Architectural coatings include both interior and exterior
paints, varnishes, primers, stains, and sealers.
• Industrial paints include coil coatings, automotive
paints, road making paints, epoxy paints, paint
additives.
However, heavy metal based pigments are gradually
being phased out and presently the shift is towards
organic pigments and eco friendly/ green paints. Water
based paints like plastic emulsions, synthetic enamels,
acrylic distempers, textured emulsions are in high
demand and has a significant growth rate and market
share with a bright future potential.
 FUTURE SCOPE
Conventional paints contain high levels of volatile
organic compounds (VOCs). These are harmful
chemicals that may get released once the paint dries up,
Paints that have Carbon components usually contain
formaldehyde, glycol, ether, benzene, toluene and
phenol and these may adversely affect the respiratory
system and may even precipitate asthma.
Eco-friendly paints are the major break-through in the
paints and coatings industry today. These paints can be
used just like conventional paints and are ideal for
rooms of children and those with allergies.
Focus is more on the following areas of paints
research:
• Water based gloss paints.
• High solid paints in order to improve the structure of
the polymer.
• Powder coatings especially to develop coatings which
work at low temperature.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank all those who helped me in
finishing my Class XII investigatory project. I
would like to thank our chemistry teacher, Mrs.
S. Basu for giving us the opportunity to do this
project and the lab in charges, Mrs. Shukla for
helping us with arranging the apparatus and
chemicals required in the lab. Last but not the
least. I would like to thank my group members,
without whom this project could not have been
complete
BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://en.wikipedia.org
Class 12 Chemistry Lab Manual
https://www.dispersions-pigments.basf.com
http://takshlaksh.weebly.com
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