GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Chandkheda, Ahmedabad
Affiliated

SHROFF S.R. ROTARY INSTITUTE OF

CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
An
Open-Ended Project report
on

Types of Pigments
Under Subject of
Chemical process industries 2
Bachelor of Engineer
In
Chemical Engineering
Submitted by
Sr. No. Name Enrollment No.
1 Gandhi Jash 160990105011
2 Jadav Divyesh 160990105012
3 Jadav Harsh 160990105013
4 Jadhav Ishwar 160990105014
5 Kacha preet 160990105015

Mrs Dhara Parmar

(Faculty Guide)

Academic Year
(2017-2018)
 SHROFF S.R. ROTARY INSTITUTE
OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled “Type of pigment” has been carried out
by Gandhi jash(160990105011), Jadav Divyesh (160990105012), Jadav Harsh
(160990105013), Jadhav Ishwar (160990105014), Kacha Preet (160990105015)
under my guidance and supervision, as a part of open ended project in the subject
Chemical process industries II in Bachelor of Engineering in Chemical
Engineering (Semester-4) at SHORFF S.R. ROTARY INSTITUTE OF
CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY during the academic year 2017-18.

Date:

Place:

Guided By:

Mrs. Dhara Parmar

Chemical Engineering Department,

SRICT

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ABSTRACT
The study of adsorption phenomenon is one of the most relevant and
traditional physical chemistry experiments performed by
undergraduate students in laboratory courses. In this experiment, we
describe an easy, inexpensive and straightforward way to
experimentally determine adsorption isotherms using charcoal as
the adsorbent and Oxalic acid as the adsorbate.

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What is Pigment?
Pigment is a finely divide powder which can be dispersed in media of various types to
produce ink or paints OR

Pigment Are Insoluble, Fine Particle size Materials which confer on a Paints its Color and
Opacity

It is insoluble in liquid medium.

Various use of pigments:-

 To provide Color.

 To improve strength of the Paints Film.

 To hide the previous Color.

 To Reduce Gloss.

 To reduce cost.

Types of pigment
1. Red pigment.
2. White pigment.
3. Blue pigment.
4. Yellow pigment.
5. Green pigment.

Red Pigment

1. Red lead (Pb3O4 )

 It is Brilliant Red Orange Color.
 Use for primary coat for steel because it possesses corrosion inhibiting properties.
 It is prepared by oxidizing lead to form lead oxide.( litharge ).

Pb + O2 PbO
 On further oxidation it give Red lead.

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 3PbO + 2O2 Pb3O4
 Another process for manufacturing of Red Lead by Fume Process.

2. Ferric Oxide ( Fe2O3 )

 It is used in Paints and Primer in Rubber Formulation.

 It is also use as a car paints because of it Durability.

 It is made by Heating iron Sulfate

 It is also made by heating Ferrous Sulfate with Quicklime.

 Commercially it is known as Venetian red.

 Now presently magnetic iron oxide is utilized in production of magnetic Tape for
Computer and audio video recorder.

 Other Red pigment are Lead Chromate.

WHITE PIGMEN

White pigments are the major contributors in paint formulation.

White pigments are used not only in white paints, but also in a substantial fraction of other
pigmented paints to give lighter colors than would be obtained using color pigments alone.

All white pigments are inorganic compounds of titanium, zinc, antimony, or lead.
Presently, the most important white pigment used in paints is titanium dioxide. Formerly,
white lead and zinc oxide were widely used.

The range of available white pigment is wide and includes white lead (basic lead
carbonate, 2PbCO3.Pb(OH)2; lithopone (mixed ZnS/BaSO4); zinc oxide (ZnO); antimony
oxide (Sb2O3); and titanium dioxide (TiO2).

Manufacture of titanium dioxide

 Titanium dioxide has many uses. It is now the common white pigment in paints after the
use of lead oxide was banned some years ago. It is also used as a pigment in printing inks,

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 plastics, cosmetics, soap, toothpaste and food. Titanium dioxide is good choice as a
pigment as it is chemically resistant and non-toxic.

 Even though titanium dioxide is fairly abundant, it is often found in low concentrations in
ores.

 To make it worthwhile for mining, it needs to be found in purer form and higher
concentration. The production of pure titanium dioxide involves several stages and is
demanding in terms of chemical reagents and energy.

 Pure titanium dioxide exists in different forms and the forms anatase and rutile have
photo catalytic

 properties . Apart from water and air purification, these properties have found use in the
production of self-cleaning glass and a new type of solar cell called ‘Grätzel cell’.

Titanium dioxide mining

 The production costs for titanium dioxide are relatively high. However, compared to
other minerals, the titanium dioxide market produces relatively high profits, because
there is a rising demand and a constant supply. In 2003, the biggest producers of titanium
dioxide were Australia, South Africa and Canada.

 The world’s largest rutile mine, the Sierra Rutile Mine, is in Sierra Leone. The operation
covers an area of 580 km2 and is valued at over 3 billion dollars. In 1995, this mine alone
produced 25% of the world’s rutile production.

How is pure titanium dioxide manufactured?

 Once the titanium containing ores have been mined, they need to be converted into pure
titanium

 oxide. The two main production methods are the sulfate process and the chloride process.

Sulphate Process
 In the sulfate process, ilmenite (FeTiO3), a common iron/titanium oxide material, is used.
It is treated with concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and the titanium oxygen sulfate
(TiOSO4) is selectively extracted and converted into titanium dioxide.
 1. Ilmenite is treated (digested) with a 60% excess of concentrated sulfuric acid at a
temperature around 100 °C. The following reaction takes place:
 FeTiO3 + 2H2SO4 → FeSO4 + TiOSO4 + 2H2O

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  2. In the next stage, the waste product iron(II)sulfate is removed. As FeSO4 is not very
soluble at low temperatures, the solution is cooled to around 15 °C and FeSO4 crystallites
out. It can then be removed by filtration.
 The remaining aqueous digestion products are heated to around 110 °C in order to
hydrolyses the titanium oxygen sulphate.
 TiOSO4 + (n+1)H2O → TiO2•nH2O + H2SO4
 The hydrolysis stage of the process produces sulfuric acid waste and a precipitate gel
containing hydrated titanium dioxide.
 3. In the last stage, the hydrated titanium dioxide is heated in large rotary kilns to drive
off the water and produce crystals of anatase or rutile (2 forms of titanium dioxide).
 TiO2•nH2O → TiO2 + nH2O
 Water is removed at temperatures between 200–300 °C. Seed crystals are added to start
the crystallization process. Depending on the final heating temperature (800−850 °C or
900−930 °C), either anatase or rutile is formed, respectively.
 The sulfate process requires the use of very large quantities of sulfuric acid and produces
copious amounts of acidic waste. This acidic waste could cause significant damage to the
environment, if not disposed of responsibly.

GREEN PIGMENTS
• The common methods to reach green is by mixing of yellow and blue.
• There are Four types of green pigments are there-
1. Chrome green
2. Phthalocyanine green
3. Chromium oxide green
4. Emerald green(Hydrated chrome green)

1. Chrome green pigments

 These are obtained by co precipitation of chrome yellow and Prussian blue. Inert fillers
are used with this pigments in making paints.
 Unless carefully co precipitated the two colours may separate when mixed in a paint.
 It have poor alkali resistance and can not be used in latex paints. These pigments have a
tendency to float because they wet out at different rates.

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 2. Phthalocyanine green
 It is complex copper compound and has excellent opacity, light fastness and chemical
resistance.
 The degree and type of halogenation determine the colour range of pthalocyanine green.
It has excellent resistance and have good heat stability.
 Many phthalocyanine green pigments are difficult to disperse because of tendency to
floccuate.

Uses-
 These are mostly used in paints like metallic paints, powder coating, industrial coating,
industrial finishes and decorative paints.

Emerald green / hydrated chromic oxide –

 It possessing a much more brilliant green colour than oxide and yet having a good
permanency.
 It is prepared by roasting a mixture of sodium dichromate and boric acid at dull red heat
for several hours.
 A green of good permanency for use in outside trim paints may be obtained in intimate
mixture of copper phthalocyanine with zinc chromate.
 The brightest permanent green available chlorinated copper phthalocyanine is expensive
but durable.

BLUE PIGMENT
1. Ultramarine blue :-
 Ultramarine is a deep blue color and a pigment which was originally made by grinding
lapis lazuli into a powder.
 It is complex of sodium aluminum silicate and sulfide made synthetically.
 Applied for whitening paper other product.
 Bluing or "Laundry blue" is a suspension of synthetic ultramarine that is used for this
purpose when washing white clothes.

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2. Phthalocyanine blue :-

 Is is also known as phthalo blue, thalo blue.

 It is prepared by reacting of phthalic anhydride with or without ammonia.
 Used for nitrocellulose in low concentration as pigment highly resistant to alkalis acid
and color change.
 It has high tinting power so that it is used in painting ink and latex paint.

3. Ferro cyanide blue:-

 General is known as iron blue.
 Prepared by precipitation of ferrous sulfate solution with sodium ferrous cyanide
giving a white ferrous Ferro cyanide which oxidized to ferric Ferro cyanide.
 Than it will be washed and allowed to settle down.
 Used in water based paint because of their poor alkali resistance.

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Yellow pigments

They are mainly of 3 types:

1)Ocher
2)Chrome yellow
3) Zinc yellow

1. Ocher
 Naturally occurring pigment
 Consists of clay color with 10 to 30 % ferric hydroxide
 It is very weak and has small amount of color tinting color
 It is replaced by synthetic hydrated yellow iron oxides for brighter color and better
uniformity
 It must be grounded and levigated before use

2) Chrome yellow
 This yellow pigment is having a wide variety of shades.
 “The popular one ”- (because of great opacity and excellent light fastness)
 Prepared by – solution of lead nitrate+ solution of sodium dichromate
 having high specific gravity.

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3) Zinc yellow
 Has great corrosion inhibiting property
 It is mixed with paints ad as priming wat for steel and aluminum
 Chemical composition- 4ZnOK2O4CrO3.3H2O.

Other yellow pigments……

 Strontium chromate and barium chromate are other 2 used yellow pigments.
 They are mainly used as corrosion inhibitors.

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