COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE AND FINE ARTS

Pablo Borbon Main II

Batangas City
Chemical and Food Engineering Department

Paints, Pigments, and Industrial Coatings

Industrial Chemistry Group Report

Prepared by: Submitted to:

Group 6 (ChE 3201) Dr. Elisa D. Gutierrez
Lopez, Pauline Date: ______________
Manacap, Dale Eman A.
Manalo, Harrieth Zane
Manarin, Sheenah Mae
Introduction to Surface-Coating
Products of the surface-coating industries are essential for the preservation of all types of
architectural structures, including factories, from ordinary attacks of weather. Aside from their
purely protective actions, paints, varnishes, and lacquers increase the attractiveness of
manufactured goods, as well as the aesthetic appeal of a community of homes and their
interiors.

History of Surface-Coating
 Origin of paints dates back to prehistoric times when the early inhabitants of the earth
recorded their activities in colours on the walls of their caves.

 Egyptians, starting very early, developed the art of painting and by 1500 B.C. had a large
number and wide variety of colours. About 1000 B.C. they discovered the forerunner of
our present-day varnishes, usually naturally occurring resins or beeswax were the film-
forming ingredient.

Uses and Economics

Manufacture of surface coating is big business with sales near $10,000 million yearly. No
one company has over 10 percent of the market, and there are between 1000 and 1200
companies vying for business. Surface coatings have been divided into:

 Paints (opaque solid coatings)

 Varnishes (clear coatings)
 Enamels (pigmented varnishes)
 Lacquers (films formed by evaporation only)
 Printing inks
 Polishes

PAINTS
Paint is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition which, after application to a
substrate in a thin layer, is converted to a solid film. It is most commonly used to protect, colour
or provide texture to objects.

Constituents of Paint
 Pigments. Pigments are various inorganic or organic insoluble substances which are
widely used in surface coatings.
 Types of Pigments

A. Natural or mineral pigments

B. Synthetic or Chemical pigments
C. Reactive pigments

 Extenders of fillers. The extenders of fillers are added to the paint in order to
decrease the cost of paint and to supplement the pigment in increasing the covering and
weathering power of the film.

 Film forming materials. The vehicle or film forming materials serve as a dual
purpose in the surface coating formulations. They act as carriers for the pigments and as
formers of the protective films.

 Driers. Certain driers (which oxygen carriers) have also been used in the paint, in order
to accelerate the drying of the film through oxidation and polymerization.

Setting of the Paint

When the paint is applied on the surface of the metal or wood, the oil present in it forms a
protective film of dried oil. The film is formed through oxidation (by air) and polymerization of
the unsaturated constituents of the drying oil. The drier present in the paint accelerates the
drying of the protective film through oxidation and polymerization and thus act as a catalyst for
these reactions. Pigments strengthen the film and protect it by reflecting the destructive
ultraviolet light, while extenders increase the covering cracking aspects are reduced by adding
some oils as plasticizers. In fact, a continuous hard film is formed by the combination of the
pigment particles by the film of the oil.

Methods of Manufacture

1. Protein dispersion
2. Pigment dispersion
3. Paint formation

PIGMENTS
Pigments are colored, organic and inorganic insoluble substances used widely in surface
coatings, but they are also employed in the ink, plastic, rubber, ceramic, paper, and linoleum
industries to impart color. A large number of pigments and dyes are consumed because different
products require a particular choice of material to give maximum coverage, economy, opacity,
color, durability and desired reflectance.
White Pigments
The oldest and formerly most important of the white pigments is white lead, which is no
longer permitted as a constituent of most paints. Zinc oxide, another white pigment formerly
widely used, is now of only minor importance.

 Lithopone. A mixed zinc sulfide-barium sulfate pigment that contains about 30% zinc
sulfide. The original light sensitiveness has been overcome by raw material purification
and by the addition of such agents as polythionates and cobalt sulfate. It is a brilliantly
white, extremely fine, cheap, white pigment. It is particularly well adapted to interior
coatings. Its equation is BaSO4 + 4C -> BaS + 4CO

 Titanium Dioxide. The most important white pigment is TiO2. It is marketed in two
crystalline forms, anatase and the more stable rutile. Almost all the TiO2 used in paints
is the rutile form. Anatase can be converted to rutile by heating to 700 to 950°C. TiO2 is
widely employed in exterior paints and also in enamels and lacquers. The two important
methods for producing TiO2 are the sulfate and chloride process.

 Barium Sulfate. Often prepared by grinding the ore barite, is not usually used alone as
a white pigment because of its poor covering power, but is widely used as a pigment
extender. It also contributes to gloss. Its principal use is in oil-drilling muds. Blanc fixe is
made by precipitation of a soluble barium compound, such as barium sulfide or barium
chloride, by this sulfate. This form has finer particles than the ground barite and is often
used in printing inks to impart transparency.

Black Pigments
The only major black pigments are carbon blacks. Lampblack, which has a larger particle
size, is used for tinting to produce shades of gray. The carbon blacks are very opaque and have
excellent durability, resistance to all types of chemicals, and lightfastness.

Blue Pigments
 Ultramarine Blue. A complex sodium aluminum silicate and sulfide made
synthetically. Because it has a sulfide composition, it should not be used on iron or
mixed with lead pigments. Ultramarine is widely used as bluing in laundering to
neutralize the yellowish tone in cotton and linen fabrics. It is also applied for whitening
paper and other products. Special grades, low in free sulfur are used in inks.

 Phthalocyanine Blues. Particularly useful for nitrocellulose lacquers in low

concentrations as a pigment highly resistant to alkalis, acids, and color changes. They are
most stable pigments, resistant to crystallization in organic solvents, and essentially free
from flocculation in coatings. Both the greens and the blues have high tinting power and
are used in latex paints and in printing inks, as well as all types of interior and exterior
coatings. Prepared by reacting phthalic anhydride with a copper salt with or without
ammonia.
  Ferrocyanide Blues. Known as Prussian blue, Chinese blue, milori blue, bronze blue,
Antwerp blue and turnbull’s blue. These pigments are made in essentially the same
manner by the precipitation of ferrous sulfate solutions with sodium ferrocyanide, giving
a white ferrous ferrocyanide, which is then oxidized to ferric ferrocyanide by different
reagents such as potassium chlorate, bleaching powder, and potassium dichromate.

Red Pigments
 Red Lead (Pb3O4). It has a brilliant red-orange color, is quite resistant to light and
finds extensive use as a primary coat for structural steel because it possesses corrosion-
inhibiting properties. Red Lead is manufactured by the regular process by oxidizing lead
to litharge (PbO) in air and further oxidizing the litharge to red lead. The litharge is the
oxidized red lead by roasting air.

 Ferric Oxide (Fe2O3). This is another red pigment employed in paints and primers,
as well as in rubber formulation. The calcium sulfate content, which furnishes corrosion-
stimulating sulfate ions, disqualifies this pigment for use on iron. Indian red is naturally
occurring mineral whose ferric oxide content may vary from 85% to 95%, the remainder
being clay and silica. Magnetic iron oxides have acquired in new market in the
production of magnetic tapes for computers and audio and video recorders.

 Other Reds. Basic lead chromate, PbCrO4.Pb(OH)2, may also be used as an orange-
red pigment; it is an excellent corrosion inhibitor. Cadmium red are made by roasting
the precipitate obtained by mixing calcium sulfate, sodium sulfate, and sodium selenide.

Yellow Pigments
 Ochre. It is a naturally occurring pigment consisting of clay colored with 10 to 30%
ferric hydroxide. It must be a ground and levigated. At best, the ochres are very weak
tinting colors and are being replaced by synthetic hydrated yellow iron oxides for
brighter color and better uniformity.

 Chrome Yellows. Yellow pigment with a wide variety of shades fall in the class known
as chrome yellows; they are the most popular yellow pigments because of exceptional
brilliance, great opacity, and excellent light fastness. The use of chrome pigments is
sharply limited by their toxicity when ingested.

 Zinc Yellow. Zinc yellow or chromate, although of poor tinting power, is used because
of its excellent corrosion-inhibiting effect both a mixed paints and a primary coat for
steel and aluminum. Zinc yellow is a complex of appropriate composition,
4ZnO.K20.4CrO3.
Green Pigments
 Phthalocyanine Green. The major green pigment is Phthalocyanine green. It is a
complex copper compound and has excellent opacity, light fastness, and chemical
resistance. It is suitable for use in both solvent and water-based paints.

 Chromium Oxide Green. One of the oldest green pigments is chromium oxide
(Cr2O3). It has many disadvantages, such as high cost and lack of brilliancy and opacity.
It is made by calcining either sodium or potassium dichromate with sulfur in a
reverberatory furnace: Na2Cr2O7 + S -> Cr2O3 + Na2SO4.

Brown Pigments
The carefully controlled heating of various naturally occurring iron-containing clays
furnishes the brown pigments known as burnt sienna, burnt umber, and burnt ochre. The iron
hydroxides are more or less converted to the oxides. The umber contains brown manganic oxide
as well as the iron oxides. Vandyke brown is a native earth pigment of indefinite composition,
containing oxide of iron and organic matter.

Toners and Lakes

Toners are insoluble organic dyes that may be used directly as pigments because of their
durability and coloring power. Lakes result from the precipitation of organic colors, usually of
synthetic origin, upon some inorganic base. They are employed in many colors. Some typical
examples are: para-red, formed by diazotizing p-nitroaniline and coupling it with B-naphthol.

Miscellaneous Pigments
In surface coatings, metallic powders, i.e. flaked or finely powdered metals and alloys,
have been developed not only for decorative purposes, but also for their durability, heat-
reflective properties, and anticorrosion effects. Aluminum flaked powder is usually made by
steel-ball milling the granular form in a cylindrical mill to which are added a lubricant and a
dispersing agent. Powdered zinc, more often referred to as zinc dust, is used in primers, in
paints for galvanized iron, and in finish coast. Luminescent paints have a variety of uses,
particularly in advertising displays and for aircraft, because of their high visibility.

Varnishes
A varnish is an unpigmented colloidal dispersion or solution of synthetic and/or natural
resins in oils and/or thinners used as protective and/or decorative coating for various surfaces
and which dries by evaporation, oxidation, and polymerization of portions of its constituents.
Not being pigmented, varnishes are less resistant to damage by light than are paints, enamels,
and pigmented lacquers. They furnish, however, a transparent film, which accentuates the
texture of the surface coated.
  Spirit varnishes. These are solutions of resins in volatile solvents only, such as
methanol, alcohol, hydrocarbons, ketones, and the like. Spirit varnishes dry most rapidly
but are likely to be brittle and eventually crack and peel off unless suitable plasticizers
are added. The preparation of these products involves active stirring, and sometimes
heating, to bring about the desired solution. An important example of a spirit varnish is
shellac or a solution of the resist shellac in methanol or alcohol.

 Resins. The original resins used were copals, which consisted of fossil gums from
various parts of the world. Another natural but present-day resin widely employed is that
from the pine tree, or rosin. When a plant exudes these products, they are called balsams
and, upon evaporation of the volatile constituents, they yield the resin. Thus the longleaf,
yellow, and hard pines of the southern states, under proper incision, yield a balsam
which, after distillation, gives turpentine and a residue called rosin.

Industrial Coatings
These are the most efficient, durable and highest grade coatings which are most needed
in every plant or industry.

 Alkyd resins. Alkyd resins are used extensively in industrial coatings. They are widely
compatible with oils and other resins, but their durability and resistance to water,
sunlight, and chemicals in inferior to that of phenolics.

 Phenolics. Phenolics are used to resist alcohols and food acids, particularly in cans and
containers, but their use in varnish has lost out to urethanes and other film formers.

 Acrylics. These are available as thermoplastic and thermosetting types (with mixtures
compatible), represent the current optimum combinations of price, durability, flexibility,
and appearance. They are used in automotive topcoats.

 Epoxies. Epoxies are used in plants where chemical resistance is essential. They require
a curing agent and are expensive. They are used on appliances, as linings, and for prime
coats.

 Urethanes. The urethanes are strongly adherent to metal and resist both chemical
attack and abrasion. Their clarity and resistance to whether make them useful for severe
industrial service.

 Fluoropolymers. Fluoropolymers represent the current maximum in weather

resistance. The slick surface and good wear resistance causes them to be used as coating
for snow shovels, saws, aircraft, and chute liners.

 Polyimide resins. Polyimide resins are used to coat special pans and other material
that must resist temperature of 275 degrees Celsius continuously of 450 degrees Celsius
maximum briefly.