Student: Natalia Hernández

Montelongo

Enrollment: 2061922

Group: 802

Subject: The Nature of life

Teacher: Marcela Arrevalo Huizar

Week 1, 2 and 3
Diagnostic evaluation

Ideas page 50-55

ATP is an essential chemical compound since it is used by
cells to store and reléase energy.
In eukaryotic cells, ATP is generated at the mitochondria as
a result of cellular respiration.
The structure of the ATP consists of a nitrogenous base of
adenine, a sugar, which is ribose, and three groups of
bonded orthophosphates.
Energy is the matter’s ability to perform a process.
The kinetic energy is the energy in a moving body and
depends on the mass and the speed.
Energy: the forcé of action or work forcé, it is related to the
ability to transform or set in motion.
Heterotrophs: hetero=different, trophe: nutrition, food.
Obtain some organic molecules for their food.
Saprohytes: fee on the remains of dead organisms in
decay.
Parasites: they get their food from the host harming it, but
not killing it.
Autotrophs: autos= self, trophe= nutrition, food.
Chemoaourotrophs: use chemical energy to synthesize
organic compunds from CO2.
Photoautotrophs: which use sunlight for the same purpose.

questions
what is ATP and what is its function in the
cells?R= is the main energy source for most cellular
processes, bind and activate enzyme kinases, etc.

Explain how the ATP structure represents an

energy source for the cell?R= Because ATP in a
Nucleotide that has 3 phosphate groups and
combines with Ribose and Adenine.
 Comparative chart
Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
Coincidences
• They both belong to a food
chain
• They are both living beings
• Both use chemical energy
Differences
• Autotrophs are producing
organisms (they produce their
own food), heterotrophs are
consumers (they do not
produce what they consume).
• Autotrophs perform anabolic
functions and heterotrophs
catabolic.
• Autotrophs have cells with
chloropastes, heterotrophs do
not have cells with
chloropastes.

Ideas page 56-63

Photosynthesis: is the formation of chemical energy,
stored in the glucosa bonds and oxygen releasing in
the presence of sunlight.
Ultraviolet rays A,B and C: they are not visible by the
human eye and have various properties, such as
sterilizers, because they eliminate germs
Visible range: it is the light that we can see, and that
has a variety of colors according to its wavelength.
 Infrared range: this radition is responsible for the
heat provided by the sun.
sunlight is transformed into chemical energy from two
Carrier molecules: ATP and NADPH.
The two stages of photosynthesis: light-dependent
and independent light.
Carbon fixation: this stage of the cycle begins and
ends with the RuBP.
Synthesis of G3P: with the energy accumulated in
the ATP and NA-DPH, the PGA Will be transformed
into G3P.

comparison chart
photosynthesis
Light dependent reactions
They use light energy to form two
molecules needed for the next
stage of photosynthesis: the energy
storage molecule ATP and the
reduced electron carrier NADPH.
they take place in the membrane of
the thylakoids, within the
chloroplasts.
Light independent reactions
It involves the reduction of carbon
dioxide and the dissociation of
water, it uses the chemical energy
stored in ATP: it does not require the
presence of light.
takes place in the stroma of the
chloroplast.
questions
1.What is the function of the different wavelengths of
sunlight? It provides us with positive physiological effects
such as: stimulating the synthesis of vitamin D, eliminating
germs, etc.

2.What role do pigments play in the photosynthesis

process? the ability to absorb energy from sunlight and
make it available to the photosynthetic apparatus

3.Write the general chemical equation of

photosynthesis and indicate reactants and products.
Reactants Products
6CO 2 + 6H 2 O → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2.

4.Which factors affect photosynthesis process and how

they do it? temperature, water, carbon dioxide
concentration, oxygen concentration, light intensity, lack of
water, etc. for example in water, constant water
consumption benefits the absorption of carbon dioxide,
through the opening of the stomata

5.What is the importance of artificial photosynthesis?

for me it is very important since we can reduce the costs of
electricity production.
Ideas page 63-67
• Cellular respiration is a set of chemical reactions
by which certain organic compounds are
degraded by oxidation to become molecules.

• Photosynthesis this process also serves for

plants to feed, develop and grow.

• Fermentation is the process were assential for

the develpment of the wine, beer, etc.

• The metabolic pathways that are in charge of

breaking down the different compounds are
known as catabolic

• the phase in which they are carried out is

known as catabolism.

• Anabolic routes are those that are responsible

for synthesizing.

• Stage 1: The process that carries out the

catabolism of glucose is known as glycolysis, the
condensed reaction of which is shown below.
 • Stage 2: Acetyl CoA, generated by the enzyme
pyruvate dehydrogenase, in which most of the
reducing equivalents.

• Stage 3: At this point there are already the

reducing equivalents to feed the electron
transport chain, which will give H2O as the final
producto.

questions
1. How are cellular respiration and metabolism
defined? Cellular respiration is a metabolic
pathway that breaks down glucose and
produces ATP. metabolism: chemical and
biological changes that occur continuously in the
living cells of an organism.

2. Write the general chemical equation for

cellular respiration and indicate reactants
and products.
Reactants Products
C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O.

3. Describe the three steps of cellular

respiration when using a glucose molecule
to feed the process.
when the glucose molecule enters, several stages
occur: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, and
oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis to transform
 Oxygen, The oxidation of pyruvate: this released
pyruvate is taken to the mitochondria and is in charge
of transforming it into two carbon molecules, In the
Krebs cycle: Acetyl-CoA is used and binds to a
molecule that is composed of 4 carbons, oxidative
phosphorylation: is the production of more ATP, in the
mitochondria

4. Determine the difference between aerobic

and anaerobic respiration aerobic respiration
is carried out in the presence of oxygen and
anaerobic respiration can be carried out without
the presence of molecular oxygen

Comparative chart
photosynthesis Cellular respiration

• It is performed where there • Oxygen is consumed from

is chlorophyll.
• Carbon dioxide is
consumed from the air.
• Food is produced.
• Transforms light energy into
chemical energy (ATP)
the air.
• Carbon dioxide is removed.
• It is performed in
mitochondria.
• Water is produced.
• It is only done in the living
parts of the vegetable
Ideas page 67-69
the process when lactate leaves the muscle and
returns to the liver, where it is transformed back into
glucose is called lactic fermentation.
Fermentation is the process were assential for the
develpment of the wine, beer, etc.

questions
1. Mention differences and similarities between
cellular respiration, alcoholic fermentation,
and acid lactic fermentation. one difference is
that fermentation never uses oxygen, In lactic
fermentation, pyruvic acid from glycolysis changes to
lactic acid. In alcoholic fermentation, pyruvic acid
changes to alcohol and carbon dioxide.

2. Why do we breathe faster after intense

exercise? to be able to increase the amount of
oxygen that enters the organism, and thus to be
able to supply the demand increased by the
increase of the energetic metabolism.