12 – STEM/PRUDENCE

BIOLOGY
ATP-ADP CYCLE
REPORTING PHOTOSYNTHESIS
RESPIRATION
 ATP-ADP CYCLE
ATP is one of the most important compounds inside a cell because it is the
energy transport molecule. ATP (Adenosine TriPhosphate) is considered a
transporter of energy because when one of the phosphate groups is broken
off, turning it into Adenosine DiPhosphate (the Tri means 3 phosphate
groups, the Di means 2 phosphate groups). When a phosphate breaks off,
through chemical reactions in a cell, energy is released which the plant
uses for cellular processes

• location of the atp- • The ATP-ADP Cycle. Energy is

adp cycle: it occurs needed for the formation of ATP
and is released as the ATP is
in the mitochondria converted back to ADP and
phosphate.
Coupled Reaction Process of
ATP

ADP is combined with a phosphate to form ATP in the reaction

ADP+Pi+free energy→ATP+H2O. The energy released from the
hydrolysis of ATP into ADP is used to perform cellular work,
usually by coupling the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with
endergonic reactions.
Role of ATP in energy coupling
and transfer
ATP provides the energy for both energy-
consuming endergonic reactions and energy-
releasing exergonic reactions, which require a
small input of activation energy. When the
chemical bonds within ATP are broken, energy
is released and can be harnessed for cellular
work.
 Reactions that
The three processes of ATP production include
glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative produce and consume
phosphorylation ATP
Glycosis:

A process in which glucose (sugar) is partially broken down by cells

in enzyme reactions that do not need oxygen. Glycolysis is one
method that cells use to produce energy. When glycolysis is linked
with other enzyme reactions that use oxygen, more complete
breakdown of glucose is possible and more energy is produced.
 The three processes of ATP production include
Reactions that
glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative produce and consume
phosphorylation
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle:
ATP
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle, (TCA cycle), also called Krebs cycle and citric
acid cycle, the second stage of cellular respiration, the three-stage
process by which living cells break down organic fuel molecules in the
presence of oxygen to harvest the energy they need to grow and divide.

Oxidative Phosphorylation:

Oxidative Phosphorylation is the metabolic pathway in which electrons

are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors in redox
reactions; this series of reactions releases energy which is used to form
ATP.
 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to
convert light energy into chemical energy that, through cellular
respiration, can later be released to fuel the organism's activities.

• Photosynthesis is critical for • light-dependent reactions and

the existence of the vast
majority of life on Earth. It is
the way in which virtually
all energy in the biosphere
becomes available to living
things.
the Calvin cycle (light-
independent reactions). Light-
dependent reactions, which take
place in the thylakoid
membrane, use light energy to
make ATP and NADPH.
 Major Features in
Photosynthesis and
Respiration
Photosynthesis Respiration
• Photosynthesis takes place in green plants.
• The sugars produced during photosynthesis plus
• Sunlight, water, carbon dioxide oxygen to produce energy for plant growth.

• Photosynthesis helps plants in manufacturing • Respiration is essential for growth and maintenance
food. of all plant tissues, and plays an important role in
the carbon balance of individual cells, whole-plants
• Chlorophyll. and ecosystems, as well as in the global carbon
cycle.
• The site of photosynthesis is the mesophyll of the
leaves containing chloroplasts. • Respiration occurs in the leaves, stems and roots of
the plant.
• Oxygen and glucose.
• Plant respiration occurs 24 hours per day, but night
respiration is more evident since the photosynthesis
process ceases.

• Roots respire too!

 Chemical Events in
Photosynthesis and
Respiration

Photosynthesis Respiration
• Absorption of light energy in the form of
sunlight by the chlorophyll • Glycosis.

• conversion of light energy into chemical • Krebs Cycle.

energy
• Oxidative Phosphorylation
• reduction of carbon dioxide into
carbohydrates.
 IMPORTANCE OF CHLOROPHYLL
AND OTHER PIGMENTS

The role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis is vital.

Chlorophyll, which resides in the chloroplasts of plants, is
the green pigment that is necessary in order for plants to
convert carbon dioxide and water, using sunlight, into
oxygen and glucose.
 Patterns of electron flow
through light reaction
Electrons are transferred sequentially events
between the two photosystems, with
photosystem I acting to generate NADPH
and photosystem II acting to generate ATP.
The pathway of electron flow starts at
photosystem II.
 SIGNIFICANT EVENTS OF THE CALVIN CYCLE

Stages of C3 Cycle Calvin cycle or C3 cycle can be

divided into three main stages:
Carbon fixation
• The key step in the Calvin cycle is the event that reduces CO2.

• CO2 binds to RuBP in the key process called carbon fixation, forming two-three carbon
molecules of phosphoglycerate.

• The enzyme that carries out this reaction is ribulose bisphosphate

carboxylase/oxygenase.

• In a typical leaf, over 50% of all the protein is RuBisCO.

 SIGNIFICANT EVENTS OF THE CALVIN CYCLE

Stages of C3 Cycle Calvin cycle or C3 cycle can be

divided into three main stages:

Reduction
• It is the second stage of Calvin cycle.

• Obtains energy from ATP and NADPH.

• Calvin cycle becomes a pathway in which plants convert sunlight energy into
long-term storage molecules, such as sugars.
 SIGNIFICANT EVENTS OF THE CALVIN CYCLE

Stages of C3 Cycle Calvin cycle or C3 cycle can be

divided into three main stages:

Regeneration
• The third stage of the Calvin cycle and is a complex process that
requires ATP.

• Some of the G3P molecules are used to produce glucose, while others
are recycled to regenerate the RuBP acceptor.
 RESPIRATION
Respiration is the sequence of events that results in the
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the
atmosphere and the body cells. There are two types of
Respiration which are the Aerobic Respiration and Anaerobic
Respiration.

• Respiration is important because it produces energy that is

essential for the normal functioning of the body. Respiration
provides cells with oxygen and expels toxic carbon dioxide.
Some energy released by respiration is also in the form of
heat. Respiration is essential fo
 THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AEROBIC AND
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

AEROBIC RESPIRATION ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

• Does require oxygen
• Creates a maximum of 38 ATP • Does not require oxygen
• Has both substrate level and oxidative phosphorylation • Creates less ATP per glucose molecule
• The final acceptor is oxygen • Creates a maximum of 2 ATP
• Occurs in cytoplasm and mitochondria • Has only substrate level phosphorylation
• Carbon Dioxide and Water are produced • The final electron acceptor is an organic molecule such as
• Much more efficient pyruvate or acetaldehyde
• The product of this process is energy in the form of ATP, • Occurs in cytoplasm only
NADH and FADH2 • Lactic acid is produced in animals and ethanol in animals
• Krebs cycle • Less Efficient
• Takes place in mitochondria • Does not produce water
• Used by bacteria • Used to make yeast expand and rise
• F6P splits into two 3-carbon-long fragments known as • Takes place in cytoplasm
PGAL • Aka Fermentation
• Electron Transport Phosphorylation • Ethyl Alcohol is mainly produces in this respiration
• ATP is generated as H+ moves down its concentration • ATP is made in the Krebs cycle and when a bond is broken,
gradient through a special enzyme called ATP synthase ADP is then present.
• Water is made from final acceptor gaining hydrogen
 Major Features of chemical events of
cellular respiration

During cellular respiration, a glucose molecule

is gradually broken down into carbon dioxide
and water. Along the way, some ATP is
produced directly in the reactions that
transform glucose. Much more ATP,
Sequence of chemical events of cellular
respiration
The stages of cellular respiration include
glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid or
Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
 MAJOR FEATURES MAJOR FEATURES
OF GLYCOSIS OF KREBS CYCLE

• Energy-requiring phase
 Glucose is converted to
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate • NAD+ is converted to NADH
 ATP is utilized in this phase
• ADP is converted to ATP
• Energy-release phase
 NAD is converted to NADH • FAD+ is converted to FADH
 ADP is converted to ATP
 Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate is
converted to pyruvate
 MAJOR FEATURES OF MAJOR FEATURES
ELECTRONS TRANSPORT
CHEMIOSMOSIS
SYSTEM

• Electron is transported to the

protein complex and Hydrogen • Hydrogen from the intermembrane
ions are pump in the space will flow through the ATP
intermembrane space Synthase this will catalyze the pairing
of phosphate and ADP forming ATPer
ROLE OF OXYGEN IN RESPIRATION

Is the process of using the stored energy

in the molecular bonds of sugar or fat
molecules to produce ATP.

TYPE OF RESPIRATION
• AEROBIC RESPIRATION
- with the presence of oxygen

• ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
- without the presence of oxygen
PATHWAYS OF ELECTRON FLOW IN THE
ABSENCE OF OXYGEN

The splitting of six sugar

carbon molecules into 2-3
carbon pyruvate molecules.
PATHWAYS OF ELECTRON FLOW IN THE
ABSENCE OF OXYGEN

PYRUVATE MOLECULES
- Are subject to another series of reactions that use electron transport chains to
generate more ATP.

SULFATE
OXYGEN NITRATE

• Oxygen is highly electronegative.

PATHWAYS OF ELECTRON FLOW IN THE
ABSENCE OF OXYGEN
BACTERIA LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION YEAST ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION

ANAEROBIC
RESPIRATION
PATHWAYS OF ELECTRON FLOW IN THE
ABSENCE OF OXYGEN

LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION

- Lactic acid fermentation is a metabolic process by which glucose or other six-
carbon sugars (also, disaccharides of six-carbon sugars, e.g. sucrose or lactose) are
converted into cellular energy and the metabolite lactate, which is lactic acid in
solution.

YEAST ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION

- Alcoholic fermentation is a complex biochemical process during which yeasts
convert sugars to ethanol, carbon dioxide, and other metabolic byproducts that
contribute to the chemical composition and sensorial properties of the fermented
foodstuffs.
 ADVANTAGES OF FERMENTATION AND
AEROBIC RESPIRATION

FERMENTATION AEROBIC RESPIRATION

• Can produce chemical energy from the breakdown

of sugar, without the help of oxygen.
• Produced from a renewable resource • Aerobic respiration generates a large amount
• It helps the organism to be grown in poorer and
of ATP
hotter climates.
• Fermentation generates ATP even if O2 is not
present. • high amount
• Can generate ATP quickly for working muscle cells
when oxygen is not enough.
 DISADVANTAGES OF FERMENTATION AND
AEROBIC RESPIRATION

FERMENTATION AEROBIC RESPIRATION

• reduces ATP more slowly.

• disadvantages generates only two ATPs and
• relatively slow and requires oxygen.
produces lactic acid.
• slow release of energy
 NUMBER OF ATPs needed or gained in
photosynthesis and respiration
 
In Photosynthesis make 38 ATP. During cellular respiration, one glucose molecule combines
Because the products of photosynthesis are with six oxygen molecules to produce water, carbon dioxide
required for cellular respiration, and the and 38 units of ATP. The chemical formula for the overall
products of cellular respiration can be used process is: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 --> 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + 36 or
to power photosynthesis. *The number of 38 ATP Chemical Formula for Respiration.
ATP molecules produced can vary. 38 ATP is
the theoretical maximum yield for the
metabolism of one molecule of glucose.
THE END
REPORTERS:
Guanzon, Patrica
Villareal, Czaira
Yorac, Chrisvelle
De Guzman, Christian
Esmeria, Ian
Gonzales, Ian
Orocio, John
Alvarez, John
Relosa, John
Riego, Lawrence
Llenado, Leandro
Lompot, Henry
Bartolome, Nelson