John Farmer Bio 1408 Mid-Term Review 10/07/2023

Chapter 6
 Be able to differentiate between Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis: Sunlight + CO2 & H2O, produces organic molecules and releases O2. (some
prokaryotes and plants and algae) Cellular respiration: O2 consumed, organic molecules break
down to CO2 & H2O, and releases ATP. (many prokaryotes and almost all eukaryotes— plants,
animals, fungi, and protists)
 Know the steps in Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis.
Cellular Respiration Stages – 1 Glycolysis. 2 Pyruvate Oxidation & Citric Acid Cycle. 3 Oxidative
Phosphorylation. Photosynthesis Stages – 1 Light Reactions. 2 Calvin Cycle.
 Know what Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis produce. (See next.)
 Know the reactants and products on Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis.
Cellular Respiration- Reactants: Glucose (C6H12O6) + 6 O2 --> Products: About 32 ATP + 6 H2O + 6
CO2 + Heat. Photosynthesis: Light energy + 6 CO2 + 6 H2O --> Glucose + 6 O2
 Know what calories are and how they are obtained. Calories (officially “kilocalories” or “kcal”)
are a measure of the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram (kg) of water
by 1°C. Measurement of foods' energy content.
 Differentiate between oxidation and reduction. In a redox reaction, the loss of electrons from
one substance is called oxidation, and the addition of electrons to another substance is called
reduction.
 Know the common pathways of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. Aerobic Respiration
pathways – 1 Glycolysis. 2 Pyruvate Oxidation & Citric Acid Cycle. 3 Oxidative Phosphorylation.
Anaerobic Respiration - 1 Glycolysis. 2 Pyruvate Reduction.
 Know how many NADH are produced from glycolysis. 2 NADH
 Definition of pyruvate. A three-carbon molecule oxidized (in pairs) from glucose during glycolysis.
 Know where enzymes in the Citric Acid cycle are located. In mitochondria cristae.
 Know the end products of the Citric Acid cycle. 6 CO2, 2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2
 Know why mitochondrial cristae are an adaptation. The folds of the cristae provide more
surface area for more enzymes.
 Be able to interpret the steps of the Citric Acid cycle in a diagram. Enzymes strip coenzyme A
from acetyl CoA. CoA is combined with the four-carbon molecule oxaloacetate, producing citrate.
Citrate is oxidized into alpha-ketoglutarate. NAD+ is reduced to NADH. One CO2 is generated.
Alpha-k is oxidized into succinate. A 2nd NAD+ is reduced to NADH. A 2nd CO2 is generated.
Substrate-level phosphorylation of ADP produces ATP. Succinate is oxidized into fumarate. FAD is
reduced to FADH2. H20 converts fumarate into malate. Malate is oxidized into oxaloacetate. A 3rd
NAD+ is reduced to NADH.
 Be able to analyze metabolism graphs. Ok
 Be able to analyze scenarios about cellular respiration. Ok
 Know which processes produces the most ATP per molecule of glucose oxidized. Oxidative
Phosphorylation
 Be able to interpret scenarios about the mitochondria. Ok
 Know when oxygen levels became high enough to sustain aerobic respiration. About 2.7
billion years ago
 Know what the body has to do to obtain energy from starch and glycogen. Enzymes in the
digestive tract hydrolyze starch and glycogen to glucose, which is then funneled into glycolysis.
 Know how food is important in cellular respiration. Most of the glucose used in cellular
respiration is broken down from the carbohydrates. fats, and proteins we eat.
 Know what happens if ATP accumulates in a cell. If ATP accumulates in a cell, it inhibits an
early enzyme in glycolysis, slowing down respiration and conserving resources.
Chapter 7
 Definition of autotroph. An organism that makes its own food, often by photosynthesis.
 Definition of photoautotrophs An organism that obtains energy from sunlight & CO2 using
photosynthesis.
 Know what cells in the leaf are specialized for photosynthesis. Mesophyll, the green tissue in
 the interior of the leaf.
 Definition of stomata. A microscopic pore that opens to allow CO2 to enter and H2O and O2 to exit.
It closes to conserve water in hot, dry conditions.
 Know where oxygen comes from as a product of photosynthesis. H2O is split. The hydrogen
becomes part of glucose and O2 is released as gas.
 Definition of a redox reaction. Electrons are removed (oxidized) from one substance and added
(reduced) to another substance.
 Know the source of energy that provides a boost for electrons during photosynthesis. Light
energy absorbed by chlorophyll molecules in the thylakoid membranes in the chloroplast.
 Be able to differentiate between the lights reactions and the Calvin Cycle. The light reactions
occur on and in the thylakoids, convert light energy to chemical energy, release O2, transfer
electrons & H+ from H2O to NADP+ (reducing it to NADPH), and generate ATP from ADP & a
phosphate group. The Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma as a cyclic series of reactions that
assembles sugar molecules using CO2, and the NADPH & ATP from the light reactions. It isn't
dependent on light but usually occurs in the day as the LR are producing NADPH & ATP.
 Know what type of energy comes from the sun. Electromagnetic energy, aka radiation.
 Know about the absorption of photons by pigment molecules. Chlorophyll a absorbs mainly
blue-violet & red photons. Chlorophyll b absorbs mainly blue & orange photons. Carotenoids absorb
and dissipate excessive photons. An absorbed photon boosts an electron of chlorophyll to an
excited state and the energy is transferred from molecule to molecule until it is passed into the
reaction-center.
 Know about the electron chain of the light reactions. Photons boost electrons with energy to
photosystem II's primary electron acceptor. Electrons enter an electron transport chain leading to
photosystem I. Electrons shuttled through the ETC release energy to produce ATP. In PS1,
photons boost electrons into PS1's primary electron acceptor. Then the electrons are used to make
NADPH.
 Be able to differentiate between Photophosphorylation during photosynthesis and oxidative
phosphorylation during Cellular Respiration. Photophosphorylation- Begins with
photosynthesis. Occurs in the thylakoids of chloroplasts. Splits water. Exergonic. Oxidative
phosphorylation – Occurs in mitochondria. Generates water. Endergonic.
 Know the difference between the functions of the mitochondria and chloroplast. Mitochondria
use oxygen to draw electrons through the ETC. Chloroplasts push electrons through the ETC with
light energy from photosystems II & I.
 Know how many times the Calvin Cycle has to run to produce one glucose. 3 times.
 Know what happens with the addition oxygen instead of carbon dioxide to RUBP
Photorespiration, which drains away carbon and does not produce sugar.
 Know what the ultimate source of all the food we eat and oxygen we breathe. Plants.
 Know how plant cells are different from animal cells. Only plant cells have chloroplasts, cell walls
and a central vacuole but no peroxisomes.
 Know about the greenhouse effect. Sunlight warms Earth’s surface, which radiates heat that is
reflected back by atmospheric gases. Carbon-emitting fuels and deforestation have increased those
gases, causing problems for almost all of Earth's organisms.
 Know where chlorophyll and chloroplast is located in the plant leaf. In the mesophyll, the green
tissue in the interior of the leaf.
 Be able to put the steps of the light reactions in order. 1) Sunlight to Photosystem II. 2) Water is
split. 3) Electron Transport Chain 4) Sunlight to Photosystem I. 5) Electrons enter Photosystem I from
ETC. 6) NADP+ is reduced to NADPH. 7) Photophosphorylation.
 Be able to identify the structures of a chloroplast in a diagram. Thylakoid's sacs are within it.
Thylakoid stacks are granum. All suspended within the stroma.
 Be able to interpret photosynthesis processes on a graph. Ok
 Be able to analyze scenarios about photosynthesis. Ok