BIOENERGETIC :

ATP CYCLE
 PENGERTIAN
KEY CONCEPT
SEL semua organisme memerlukan energi kimia
untuk melakukan proses kelangsungan hidupnya

• Thermodynamics is the branch

of physical chemistry that deals MENGAPA SEL PERLU ENERGI
with the energy changes. KIMIA :

• biochemical thermodynamics  UNTUK BERGERAK

(or biochemical energetics or
bioenergetics, as it is also
called) is the field of b i o c h e m
i s t r y concerned with the
transformation and use of
energy by living cells.
 UNTUK TUMBUH
 UNTUK MEMPERBANYAK
 UNTUK TRANSPORT BAHAN
MELEWATI MEMBRAN SEL
 UNTUK AKTIVITAS REAKSI
KIMIA-AKTIVASI ENERGI
 PENDAHULUAN

ENERGY IS STORED IN FOOD MOLECULES

•CHEMICAL E IS STORED IN THE ORGANIC
MOLECULES
FOUND IN FOOD.

CARBOHYDRATES AND
LIPID MOLECULES ARE
THE MOST IMPORTANT
ENERGY CONTAINING
MOLECULES IN FOODS
WE EAT.
 1. AUTOTROPHS –
MAKE THEIR OWN FOOD
MOLECULES USING ENERGY
AND CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) gas
FROM THE ENVIRONMENT
*
2. HETEROTROPHS –
ORGANISMS THAT EAT
OTHER ORGANISMS (OR
THEIR PRODUCTS) TO
OBTAIN ENERGY AND
CARBON COMPOUNDS
 2 GROUPS OF AUTOTROPHS
Photoautotroph – use light E to AUTOTROPHS MAKE THE
make their food through ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Photosynthesis THAT SERVE AS FOOD FOR
Chemoautotrophs use chemical THEMSELVES AND ALL
E to make their food through OTHER ORGANISMS ON
Chemosynthesis
EARTH
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY : ENERGY
CANNOT BE CREATED OR DESTROYED BUT IT CAN BE
CHANGED FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER

TWO PROCESSES ARE NEEDED TO CONVERT THE

SUN’S LIGHT ENERGY INTO CHEMICAL ENERGY
THE CELL CAN USE.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

AND

CELL RESPIRATION
 In photosynthesis, sunlight
E is transformed into
chemical E stored in food
molecules
Starch
Glucose
In cell respiration, the
chemical E stored in food
molecules is released and
repackaged into high
energy molecules called
ATP the cells can use.
WHAT HAPPENS TO THE E RELEASED
FROM FOOD IN CELLULAR
RESPIRATION?

IT IS USED TO MAKE HIGH

ENERGY MOLECULES CALLED

ATP
 WHAT IS ATP?

ATP STANDS FOR THE MOLECULE

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE

ATP is a high
energy
containing
molecule
used by all
cells to carry
out cellular
functions..
 ATP-ADP CYCLE
• When ATP loses a phosphate molecule it gives off E and becomes ADP.

• The E given off is used to power chemical reactions in the cell

• When ADP gains E and a phosphate molecule, it becomes “recharged”
to form ATP.

• The E source to “recharge” ADP comes from the breakdown of food

through respiration

Removing a Phosphate - Release Energy “use the battery”

ATP Energy + P + ADP

 
Adding a Phosphate – Stores Energy “recharge battery”
 
ADP + Energy + P ATP
 ATP-ADP CYCLE
ATP TERDIRI DARI
A Nitrogenous Base – Adenine
A Sugar – Ribose
Three phosphate groups

• ATP – ADP Cycle

• ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) transfers

energy from the breakdown of food
molecules to cell functions

• Energy is released when a phosphate

group (Pi) is removed

• ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) is

changed into ATP when a phosphate
group (Pi) is added
 ADP-ATP CYCLE
• Cells break phosphate bonds between the last two
phosphate groups in a molecule of ATP as needed to
supply energy for most cellular functions, when this
happens a molecule of ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
and a phosphate become available for reuse.
When any of the phosphate bonds are broken or
formed, energy is involved.
• Energy is released each time a phosphate is removed
from the molecule.
• Energy is stored each time a phosphate attaches to
the molecule.
 ATP/ADP cycle
ENERGY!

All of the energy is stored between the 2nd and

the 3rd phosphate of ATP
 ATP/ADP cycle
!!
R GY
E
EN

To release energy break off the 3rd phosphate

!!
R GY
E
EN

To store energy add a 3rd phosphate

• All energy is stored in the bonds of compounds—
breaking the bond releases the energy

• When the cell has energy available it can store this

energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP, producing
ATP
Photosynthesis:
• Photosynthesis is the process by which the energy of
sunlight is converted into the energy of glucose
• Chlorophyll is the pigment inside the chloroplast the
absorbs light for photosynthesis

As the chlorophyll in
leaves decays in the autumn,
the green color fades and is
replaced by the oranges and
reds of carotenoids.
Summary:
• Light Dependent
Reaction—H2O is
broken down and light
energy is stored
temporarily in inorganic
energy carriers, ATP
and NADPH

• Calvin Cycle—energy is
transferred from ATP
and NADPH to the
organic compound
glucose
 • Cells require a constant
Cellular Respiration: (2 kinds— source of energy for life
processes but keep only
Aerobic and Anaerobic)
a small amount of ATP
• Cellular respiration is the on hand.
process by which the energy of • Cells can regenerate ATP
glucose is released in the cell as needed by using the
energy stored in foods
to be used for life processes like glucose.
(movement, breathing, blood
• The energy stored in
circulation, etc…)
glucose by
photosynthesis is
released by cellular
respiration and
repackaged into the
energy of ATP.
Aerobic Respiration: requires oxygen
• Occurs in the mitochondria of the cell
• Total of 36 ATP molecules produced
• General formula for aerobic respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6 CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy

Human cells contain a

specialized structure –
the mitochondrion –
that generates energy.
Anaerobic Respiration: occurs when no oxygen is
available to the cell (2 kinds: Alcoholic and Lactic Acid)
• Also called fermentation
• Much less ATP produced than in aerobic respiration
• First step in anaerobic respiration is also glycolysis

Diagram
Anaerobic Respiration
Cytoplasm Alcoholic fermentation
C6H12O6 Bacteria, Yeast 2 ATP
glycolysis
glucose
Lactic acid fermentation
Muscle cells 2 ATP

Aerobic Respiration Krebs ETC

Cycle
36 ATP
Mitochondria
 HOW DOES THAT
HAPPEN?
An
Enzyme!
ATP
ATP-ase
Synthetase
phosphate removed
 FREE ENERGY CHANGE

• The free energy change (ΔG) of a chemical process is a measure of the

energy available to do work.
• Standard free energy change ΔGo is when reaction conditions are
standard: T is 25 oC, P = 1 atm, conc of all reactants is 1M.
• For biochemical reactions, the pH has to be 7. The standard
biochemical free energy change is designated as ΔGo’ ΔG = Gproducts
– Greactants.
• If ΔG <0 , the forward reaction is favored relative to the reverse
reaction. The products are more stable than the reactants. As
reaction proceeds, energy is released, it can be used to do work
• If ΔG = 0, reactants and products are at equilibrium
• if ΔG >0, reactants are at lower energy than products; energy needs
to be supplied for the reaction to proceed.
 FREE ENERGY
• All chemical reactions are influenced by two forces:
the tendency to achieve the most stable bonding
state (for which enthalpy, H, is a useful expression)
and the tendency to achieve the highest degree of
randomness, expressed as entropy, S. The net
driving force in a reaction is G,
• the free-energy change, which represents the net
effect of these two factors:
• The standard transformed free-energy change, G, is a
physical constant that is characteristic for a given
reaction and can be calculated from the equilibrium
constant for the reaction: G = -RT ln K’eq.
• The actual free-energy change, G, is a variable that
depends on G and on the concentrations of reactants
and products:
• G = G + RT ln ([products]/[reactants]).
CONTOH