A molecule is the smallest amount of any element or compound substance still possessing all the

chemical properties of that substance which can exist. Molecules themselves are made up of
even smaller particles called atoms, which define the basic elements such as hydrogen and
oxygen.

The numbers in steam tables and textbooks are based on actual tests underlaboratory conditions
and mathematical analysis. One test that can help prove someof the numbers in steam tables is
the Marcet Boiler experiment. The original MarcetBoiler experiment is a simple pressure
chamber that contains water, a pressuregauge and a thermometer. A heat source applied to the
chamber makes the waterchange state (saturates) so that it produces steam. The temperature and
pressure of the steam rises. A plot of the temperature of the steam against pressure gives
acharacteristics curve that defines reference temperatures and pressures in steamtable.

Steam components can be repaired or replaced by closing the steam supply without the
difficulties associated with draining and refilling like in the water systems.

Steam is pressure-temperature dependent, therefore the system temperature can be

controlled by varying either steam pressure or temperature.

Steam can be distributed through out the system without any change in temperature.

Saturation Thermodynamic
- The term saturation defines a condition in which mixture of vapor and liquid can exist together at a given
temperature and pressure. The temperatyre at which vaporization (boiling) start to occur for a given
pressure is called the saturation temperature or boiling point point . The pressure at which vaporization
(boiling) starts to occur for a given temperature is called the saturation pressure.
Saturation temperature
- Saturation temperature is the temperature at which liquid start to boil or the temperature
at which vapors begin to condense. The saturation temperature of a given substance
depends upon its existing pressure. It is directly proportional to the pressure, i.e ., it
increases as the pressure is increased and decreases as the pressure is decreased.
Saturation pressure is the pressure for a corresponding saturation temperature at which a liquid
boils into its vapor phase. Saturation pressure and saturation temperature have a direct relationship:
as saturation pressure is increased, so is saturation temperature.

Saturated vapor
- A saturated vapor is a vapor at the saturation conditions ( saturation temperature and
saturation pressure). It is 100% vapor, it has no liquid or moisture content.
The Clausius–Clapeyron relation, named after Rudolf Clausius[1] and Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron,
[2]
 is a way of characterizing a discontinuous phase transition between two phases of matter of a
single constituent. On a pressure–temperature (P–T) diagram, the line separating the two phases is
known as the coexistence curve. The Clausius–Clapeyron relation gives the slope of the tangents to
this curve. Mathematically,
dP L ∆s
= =
dT T ∆ v ∆ v
Where:  

dP
=slope of the tangent to the coexistence curve at any point.
dT
 L= is the specific latent heat,  

T=is the temperature, 

∆v =  specific volume change of the phase transition.

∆s= specific entropy change of the phase transition