ABSTRACT

The experiment are carried out to study the relationship between vapour and liquid at equilibrium
and at atmospheric pressure. The experiment was also conducted to build or construct the
equilibrium curves at atmospheric pressure for binary system namely methanol and water. The
experiment was carried out using the Vapour Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) unit. A mixture of methanol-
water with known composition is initially fed into the evaporator. When theheater is switched on,
the mixture will start to boil. The mixture vapour will rise up and will be cool down by the condenser
at the top of the evaporator. The system will stabilize and finally reach an equilibrium state when
temperature remains constant. Samples of vapour and liquid are taken to determine their
compositions.

At the end of the experiment, a graph of mole fraction of vapour against mole fraction of liquid and
a graph of temperature against mole fraction of liquid and vapour were plotted. This equilibrium
curves at atmospheric pressure for binary system namely methanol and water clearlyshows the
relationship between vapour and liquid at equilibrium and at atmospheric pressure. It can be said
that from the graph that we had plotted, the relationship between vapour and liquid at equilibrium
and at atmospheric pressure is that they exist in linear. The experiment was considered a success
as all the objectives were achieved as we want.
Table of Contents
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
OBJECTIVE ................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Theory............................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
Experimental procedure .................................................................................................................................................................. 9
Materials ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Apparatus .................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
3.3. Experimental Procedure ...................................................................................................................................................... 9
Discussion of results ..................................................................................................................................................................... 10
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................................................ 18
Recommendations ........................................................................................................................................................................ 19
Referernce..................................................................................................................................................................................... 20
Nomenclature................................................................................................................................................................................ 21
Sample Data.............................................................................................................................................................................. 22
8.2.3 Energy Balance ............................................................................................................................................................ 24

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 Introduction
Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) can be defined as a condition where liquid and vapour are in
equilibrium to each other. Rate of liquid evaporated to vapour s is the same as rate of vapour
condensed into liquid. It is called equilibrium state when there is no net rate difference, this vapour-
liquid interconvertions is zero. For pure Substance, it is implies at the boiling point.

The purpose of this experiment using Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium is to construct an equilibrium curve
for methanol and water system at atmosphere pressure. The mixture of methanol and water is fed
into the evaporator. After the heater is on, the mixture is left to boil.The evaporated vapour then
rise and cooled down by the condenser. The condensed liquid willfall back into the evaporator. This
cycle continues until it reach the equilibrium state, when thetemperature become constant.

The sample of the liquid and the vapour are taken for test. By using the Refractometer, we can
determine the composition of the mixture or the Refractive Index (RI). Refractive Indexis define as
the ratio of velocity of light in a vacuum to its velocity in a specified medium. An example for the
application of Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) in an equipment is the Distillation Column. In the
equipment, the VLE concept are used. The reboiler in the column is used to boil the necessary
mixture and the condenser is used to cool down the vapour.

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 OBJECTIVE
1. To investigate the relationship between the vapour and liquid at different temperature.
2. To construct the equilibrium curve for methanol-water system at atmospheric pressure, 1atm.

3. To understand the concept of Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) thoroughly.

4. To find out the application for the Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE).
5. To differentiate the plotted graph between Refractive Index (RI) and range ofcomposition mixtures
based on the experimental data obtained.

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 Theory

Distillation is the separation, by vaporization, of different components in a mixture because of the

different volatilities that they possess at a given boiling point of the mixture. When a mixture
reaches a specific temperature and pressure a certain amount of the mixture moves into the vapor
phase until the vapor reaches the mixture’s vapor pressure. This point is known as the vapor-liquid
equilibrium. Volatility is a measure of a pure component’s vapor pressure at a set pressure and
temperature in a specific mixture. It is incorrectly assumed that the components of a mixture will
separate based on their boiling points when pure. Rather, the boiling point of a mixture is based on
the total vapor pressure of a mixture, which is a sum of the vapor pressures of each individual
component in the mixture. This is known as Dalton’s law.
𝑃 𝑠𝑎𝑡 = ∑(𝑣𝑝𝑎 + 𝑣𝑝𝑏 … ) (1)
Where,
 𝑃 𝑠𝑎𝑡 [=] Vapor pressure of mixture [kPa]
 𝑣𝑝𝑎 [=] Vapor pressure of component a [kPa]
 𝑣𝑝𝑏 [=] Vapor pressure of component b [kPa]
This means that a component will not boil off “cleanly” meaning it is impossible through
distillation to obtain a pure substance. The vapor created above a mixture is also a mixture of
components. The composition of the vapor is based on the volatility of each of the substances.
Raoult’s law helps us to determine what the volatility, or “K value” of a substance. This in turn allows
us to find the mole fraction of a component in the vapor phase.
𝑣𝑝𝑎 ∙𝑥𝑎
𝑦𝑎 = (2)
𝑝𝑠𝑎𝑡

Where:
 𝑦𝑎 [=] mole fraction of component a in vapor phase (dimensionless)
 𝑣𝑝𝑎 [=] vapor pressure of component a [kPa]
 𝑥𝑎 [=] mole fraction of component a in liquid phase (dimensionless)
 𝑃 𝑠𝑎𝑡 [=] Vapor pressure of mixture [kPa]
Not all mixtures obey Raoult’s law. Some components that have high solubility with each other
form azeotrope. An azeotrope is a mixture that has either a higher or lower boiling point than the
boiling point of any of the pure components. This means that when a mixture reaches an azeotrope,
such as mmethanol and water at 95.6 % water, it behaves as a pure substance. [1]
The simplest of all distillation techniques is called flash distillation. Flash distillation occurs when
a mixture at a specific temperature and pressure is allowed to drop in pressure.
Vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) is a condition in which a liquid and its vapor (gas phase) are in
equilibrium with each other, a condition or state where the rate of evaporation(liquid changingto
vapor) equals the rate of condensation (vapor changing to liquid) on a molecular level suchthat
there is no net (overall) vapor–liquid inter conversion. A substance at vapor–liquid equilibrium is
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 generally referred to as a saturated fluid. For a pure chemical substance, this implies that it is at its
boiling point. The notion of "saturated fluid" includes saturated liquid (about to vaporize), saturated
liquid–vapor mixture, and saturated vapor (about to condense).[3]
The Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium is used to determine the equilibrium in binary phase by
vaporization and diffusion. Binary mixtures are mixtures of two component and two phase system.
These mixtures are said to be in equilibrium when their internal properties reaches the same
reading. The four internal properties are the reading of temperature, pressure,[1] liquid mol
fractions and vapor mol fractions. According to the phase rule, the condition of two phase system,
when two intensive properties are specified, the extensive properties may be differed. But, in
equilibrium, the intensive properties will be counted.
In this experiment, we use water and methanol which both are in pure substance and in binary
mixtures. Water and methanol are ideal mixtures so it obeys Raoult’s Law.[4]
For Raoult’s Law being applied in this experiment, for ideal gas vapor mixture in equilibrium
ideal solution, equation becomes:
0

Where,
PA = partial pressure of component A in a solutionP 0 = vapor pressure of pure A

XA = mole fraction of component AA in a solution

Gives the mole fraction of component A in the gas phase as

yA = XAPAA0
P

The McCabe-Thiele method is widely used for binary mixtures. When dealing with multi-component

mixtures addition assumptions and calculations are necessary. There are a number of issues that

need to be watched when sizing a continuous distillation column properly. They are:

Foaming- foaming occurs when the gas passing upward causing the liquid to bubble

excessively. While this normally depends on the properties of the liquid, it can also be caused by

improper tray designs.

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 Entrainment- Occurs when the vapor velocity is too high due to a column having too small

of a diameter. This causes liquid to be held up at the trays and does not allow proper circulation of

the liquid.

Weeping- Occurs when the vapor velocity is too low. When the velocity drops too low, liquid

starts to fall, or weep, through the holes in the plates. This does not allow enough liquid to get to

the re-boiler which means that the entire column needs to be shut down and re-started.

Flooding- This occurs when liquid entrainment become too severe. This causes a large

pressure drop in the column and contaminates the distillate.

Extend to the binary system, Raoult’s Law and Dalton Law equation:

P = pA + pB = XAPA + (1- XA)Pb = XA(PA – PB) + PB

OR

XA = P - PB

PA - PB

The equations is used to find XA for ideal binary mixtures at selected temperatures between the
boiling temperatures of two pure components at given pressure.
The distribution coefficient or have just K-value for the component i,

yA = Kixi
Raoult’s and Dalton’s Law gives the reasonable estimates and the value of mole fraction, partial
pressure can be determined by using these laws at equilibrium state. To find the composition of

water and methanol, this equation was used

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Extend to the binary system, Raoult’s Law and Dalton Law equation:

P = pA + pB = XAPA + (1- XA)Pb = XA(PA – PB) + PB

OR

XA = P - PB

PA - PB

The equations is used to find XA for ideal binary mixtures at selected temperatures between the
boiling temperatures of two pure components at given pressure.
The distribution coefficient or have just K-value for the component i,

yA = Kixi
Raoult’s and Dalton’s Law gives the reasonable estimates and the value of mole fraction, partial
pressure can be determined by using these laws at equilibrium state. To find the composition of

water and methanol, this equation was used

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 Experimental procedure
Materials
 Methanol
 Water
Apparatus

Figure 1: Distillation Pilot Plant

3.3. Experimental Procedure

Batch distillation preparation were conducted by closing valves V1 to V5 and V8 to V16, valves V6
and V7 were opened. The feed boiler was filled up with 5 litres of a 50:50% binary mixture of water
and methanol through the feed valve. Once the boiler was filled up, the feed valve was closed and
the system was connected to the main switch, the pressure on the manometer was adjusted to 1.5
bar. Tap cold water pipe was connected and used as cooling water to the condenser flowing at a
flowrate of 120 ml/s. The reflux ratio was limited to 1.1 throughout the experiment. The heat
supplied to the feed boiler was adjusted to avoid process stagnation.

The temperatures in the different distillation stages were read and recorded every five minutes, the
distillation process was run for 15 minutes, distillate volume was collected, read and recorded.

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 Discussion of results

This experiment is carried out to investigate the relationship between vapour and liquid of binary
mixture (methanol and water) at equilibrium at 1 atm. The equilibrium curve at 1 atm (atmospheric
pressure) for methanol and water can be construct. The Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium(VLE) unit are
used to carried out the experiment.

A mixture of methanol-water with known composition is initially fed into the evaporator. When the
heater is switched on, the mixture will start to boil. The mixture vapour will rise up and will be
cooled down by the condenser at the top of the evaporator. As the vapour starts to condense, the
liquid falls back into the evaporator. The system will stabilize and finally reach anequilibrium state
when temperature remains constant. Samples of vapor and liquid are taken to determine their
compositions. The reading is observe and recorded. The graph x-y diagram is construct as Vapour
at axis X and Liquid at axis Y. The VLE diagram will show the Bubble Point, first drop of liquid mixture
begins to vaporize, and the Dew Point, the first point gaseous start to condense into liquid form.

Based on the data recorded, the point can be plot and eventually a line can be obtained. The
relationship of vapor and liquid at equilibrium and at 1 tm or atmospheric pressure is shown toexist
in linear. Then, the graph of T-xy can be plotted. This graph represents data for 2 component
(Binary) system. The system are Temperature against Mole fraction of vapour and Temperature
against Mole fraction of liquid. After the Refractive Index (RI) for vapor and liquid are recorded, the
graph for RI can be plotted and the bell-like shape graph is obtained.By using the calculation of
density for each compound, the Mole fraction of vapor and liquid can be find out. By using the
density and the concentration of methanol and water that we used, we can figureout the mass of
the water and the methanol.

This experiment is carried out to seperate methanol from the methanol-water mixture

using a distillation process. Distillation is a widely used method for separating mixtures based

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 on differences in the conditions required to change the phase of components of the mixture.
To separate a mixture of liquids, the liquid can be heated to force components, which
have different boiling point into the gas phase. The boiling point of methanol is smaller than
water. So, methanol will change to gas phase first. Then, methanol will be condensed to liquid
phase and will be collected. The concentration of methanol collected and the refractive index of
methanol collected are measured in 15 minutes.

Refractive index table

Table 1: Refractive indices for different compositions of methanol-water mixture

Refractive
Methanol Water indices 𝜼𝑫 C(mol/kg)
0 1 1.333 1.02
0.1 0.9 1.334 1.12
0.2 0.8 1.3356 2
0.3 0.7 1.3376 2.3
0.4 0.6 1.3389 2.8
0.5 0.5 1.3401 2.4
0.6 0.4 1.341 3.12
0.7 0.3 1.3395 3.19
0.8 0.2 1.3372 3.4
0.9 0.1 1.3333 3.62
1 0 1.328 3.74

Table 1 shows the refractive index for methanol-water mixture. The concentration of methanol
increase linearly but the concentration of methanol decrease linearly. The changes of concentration
is to get the refractive index of the methanol-water mixture. The refractive index increases linearly
when the concentration of methanol is increasing in the mixture.

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 From Figure 1, polynomial graph of refractive index versus mole percentage of
methanol in mixture was plotted. Based on the graph, the refractive index of methanol
will increase when the methanol concentration increases. However, there was an optimum
value of the refractive index. After it reached the maximum point, the value of the refractive
index will decrease until 100% mole percentage of methanol which was at 1.328.
Based on the experiment that has been done, it can be seen that the refractive index for
pure water is 1.333 whereas the refractive index for pure methanol is 1.357. The result is
almost similar to the standard refractive inde x for pure water and methanol at
temperature 25 ᴼC which are 1.333 and 1.328 respectively. In methanol-water mixture, the
refractive index is increasing as the concentration of methanol increases until it reaches
the optimum point. After that, the value of the refractive index decreases until methanol
reaches 100% concentration. However, not all the solution give the same refractive index
appearance like methanol. It depends on the purity of the solution being used and its
temperature. Referring to Figure 1, the mole percentage of methanol in the experiment
can be determined by referring to the refractive index.

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 The graph in Figure 2 depicts the percentage of methanol on versus time. The graph shows that the
percentage of mole fraction of methanol gradually increases over time. The boiling of water and
methanol causes this. Water has a higher boiling point (100°C) than methanol (64.7°C). When
compared to water, this speeds up the distillation of methanol. As a result, methanol has a higher
composition than water during the early stages of distillation because methanol evaporates first
due to its lower boiling point and then enters the product stream.
Figure 2 shows the graph of composition of product distillate versus concentration of product
distillate. Based on the graph, it can be seen that the composition of product distillate decreases
as the concentration of distillate increases. When the distillation proceeds for a longer time
of 15minutes, the concentration of distillate will increase . more concentration of distillate,
more amount of methanol will be present in the distillate. This is due to short interval of
time for distillation process. It can be concluded that the graphs obtained by plotting the data
obtained from the experiments are following the theoretical value. The exis tence of
an error during the experiment resulted in a graph of methanol distillate composition
against concentration somewhat deviated from the trend should.

This in turn affects the efficiency of the packed reactor column resulted in low efficiency.
There are various factors that affect the efficiency of the plant including environmental factors,
internal factors and human negligence itself . One of it is weather condition. The distillation
column is open to atmosphere , although it is insulated, the weather condition would still affect
the overall efficiency of the packed column. Apart from that, vapor condition being too low or
excessive would also affect the overall efficiency. The state of feed mixture and its composition
also affects the efficiency. However, no plant can achieve 100% of efficiency due to the
thermodynamic law. but, we can try to reduce the them . To reduce inefficiency of plant,
precautions should be given importance while

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 it can be concluded that the graphs produced by plotting the experimental data are consistent with
the theoretical value. Because of an error during the experiment, the graph of methanol distillate
composition versus concentration deviated from the expected trend. As a result, the packed reactor
column's efficiency suffers, resulting in low efficiency. The plant's efficiency is affected by a number
of factors, including environmental factors, internal factors, and human negligence. One of them is
the weather. Although the distillation column is insulated, the weather conditions will still have an
impact on the packed column's overall efficiency. Aside from that, a vapor condition that is too low
or too high will affect the overall performance.
The efficiency is also affected by the state of the feed mixture and its composition. However, due
to the thermodynamic law, no plant can achieve 100% efficiency.

dew poin
calculation
bubble point
temp liquid comp Psat vapor comp
P(Pa) Tb degrees water methanol water methanol water methanol
550 91.0579 1.0 0.0 549.9864 313.1468 1.0000 0.0000
550 92.2282 0.9 0.1 574.7870 326.5414 0.9406 0.0594
550 93.4823 0.8 0.2 602.3971 341.4133 0.8762 0.1242
550 94.8204 0.7 0.3 633.0696 357.8871 0.8057 0.1952
550 96.2084 0.6 0.4 666.2527 375.6553 0.7268 0.2732
550 97.7248 0.5 0.5 704.1510 395.8830 0.6401 0.3599
550 99.3599 0.4 0.6 747.0149 418.6811 0.5433 0.4567
550 101.1335 0.3 0.7 795.9437 444.6071 0.4342 0.5659
550 103.0842 0.2 0.8 852.8074 474.6138 0.3101 0.6903
550 105.2028 0.1 0.9 918.3521 509.0468 0.1670 0.8330
550 107.5755 0.0 1.0 996.6665 549.9854 0.0000 1.0000

Table: Dew point Temperature

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 bubble point
temp liquid comp Psat vapor comp sum
P(Pa) Tb water methanol water methanol water methanol
550 91.0579 1.0 0.0 549.9864 313.1468 1.0000 0.0000 1.0000
550 93.0099 0.9 0.1 591.8690 335.7474 0.8363 0.1638 1.0001
550 94.8800 0.8 0.2 634.4650 358.6354 0.6935 0.3067 1.0002
550 96.6735 0.7 0.3 677.6911 381.7675 0.5681 0.4322 1.0003
550 98.3966 0.6 0.4 721.5065 405.1239 0.4574 0.5430 1.0004
550 100.0546 0.5 0.5 765.8733 428.6857 0.3591 0.6415 1.0006
550 101.6525 0.4 0.6 810.7557 452.4358 0.2714 0.7294 1.0007
550 103.1944 0.3 0.7 856.1198 476.3579 0.1927 0.8082 1.0009
550 104.7197 0.2 0.8 903.0504 501.0225 0.1218 0.8782 1.0000
550 106.1698 0.1 0.9 949.6266 525.4210 0.0579 0.9421 1.0000
550 107.5755 0.0 1.0 996.6665 549.9854 0.0000 1.0000 1.0000
Table: bubble point Temperature

Bubble point temperature = 365K

The molar fractions of the substances for the second vapour at the bubble point are ywater= 0.8363
y methanol=0.0.1638 and dew point ywater=09406.y methanol=0.0594. Note this matches what we
see on the diagram and our result from the trial-and-error approach. Note, we used excel solver to
make guess and check faster, we would simply guess temperatures and see the effect onytotal. This
then uses excel to do the calculations each time we update the guess, making solving much faster.
However, solver automates this process of guessing temperatures.

If we keep increasing the temperature, the system will be in the vapour-liquid equilibrium region.
We locate the point using the total mole fraction of methanol and the temperature of the system,
so the x-coordinate is 0.5 no matter what phase the system is at.

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 reference graph for Txy graphs

After we find the point, we draw a horizontal line (representing that the temperature of the liquid
and vapour are equal under vapor-liquid equilibrium conditions), the line will hit both curves. The
x-coordinates of the points where the horizontal line hits the curves are the mole fraction of
methanol, with the one on the boundary of the liquid region as the mole fraction in the liquid phase
and the other one as the mole fraction in the vapour phase.

At vapour-liquid equilibrium, there is always more methanol in the vapour phase compared to
methanol in the liquid phase. That is because methanol is the more “volatile” compound compared
to toluene, which means it has weaker intermolecular interactions, therefore it’s more likely to
vapourize. A more volatile compound has a lower boiling point.

T,xy methanol
110.0000
108.0000
106.0000
104.0000
Temperature K

102.0000
100.0000
98.0000
96.0000
94.0000
92.0000
90.0000
0.0000 0.2000 0.4000 0.6000 0.8000 1.0000 1.2000
Mass composition

figure 4:T,xy graph for methanol

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 VLE METHANOL
1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
0.0000 0.2000 0.4000 0.6000 0.8000 1.0000 1.2000

figure 5: VLE for methanol

T,xy water
110.0000
108.0000
106.0000
104.0000
Temperature K

102.0000
100.0000
98.0000
96.0000
94.0000
92.0000
90.0000
0.0000 0.2000 0.4000 0.6000 0.8000 1.0000 1.2000
mass composition
Figure 6: T,xy for water

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 VLE WATER
1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
0.0000 0.2000 0.4000 0.6000 0.8000 1.0000 1.2000
Figure 7: VLE for water

CONCLUSION
In a conclusion, the experiment was carried out successfully by following the correctprocedures.
The objective by doing this experiment is to determine the vapor-liquid equilibrium conditions for
the binary methanol-water system and correlate the results for use in the analysis of the distillation
column. Explore the conditions for which Dalton’s and Raoult’s laws are adequate to describe the
vapor-liquid equilibrium. Moreover, by doing this experiment, we were able to construct and plot
the graph of temperature versus vapor/ liquid mole fraction and vapor mole fraction versus liquid
mol fraction graph. In a meantime, by doing calculations and obtaining data, we can get the graph
that is mentioned above. Thus, the relationship between the vapor and liquid at 1 atm was

18 | P a g e
 successfully determined. The maximum mole fraction of methanol is 1. The objective of this
experiment is also to construct an equilibrium curve for the methanol-water system at atmospheric
pressure. From the data that we obtain, the composition of methanol in the vapor is higher than in
the liquid. The composition of methanol in vapor and liquid is increase when the concentration of
methanol is also increased. When the objective of this experiment was achieved, it can be
concluded that this experiment was successfully done.

Recommendations
To improve the experiment and obtain the best result, the experiment should have been repeated
three times in order to get the average readings and to get the reading more accurately. This will
reduce the deviation from the theoretical result and reduce the error of reading. Besides, the
experiment itself took more than four hours to be done once, however, due to the limitation of
time, the experiment could only be done once. Therefore, to get better results, the experiment
should have been repeated twice. In addition, we also can compare our results to the other group
or we can make group discussions with the other group to make sure that our results are accurate
or not. We should also increase our knowledge on how to handle the experiment better.

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 Referernce
1. Yunus A. Cengal & Michael A. Boles, “Thermodynamics – An Engineering
Approach”,
2. 3rd Edition, 4th Edition, McGraw Hill, 2002.

3. T. M. Duncan and J. A. Reimer, “Chemical Engineering Design and Analysis : An

Introduction”, Cambridge University Press, 1998.

4. Gmehling, J. and Onken, U, “Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Data Collection”,

Dechema,
5. Frankfurt, Germany, Vol. 1, Page 60, 1977.

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 Nomenclature
Name Symbol Units
Feed 𝑍𝑖 𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠
composition
Flow rate 𝐹 𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟

Temperature 𝑇 °𝐶

Time 𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛

Concentration 𝐶 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑘𝑔
Volume 𝑉 𝐿
Pressure 𝑃 𝑀𝑚/𝐻𝑔

Heat 𝑄 𝐽
Vapor 𝑌𝑖 𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠
Composition
Liquid 𝑋𝐼 𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠
Composition
Bottom 𝐵 𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
Flowrate
Distillate 𝐷 𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
Flowrate

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 Sample Data
Bubble Point Calculations

To determine saturation pressures, the following was used:

B
log10 P sat = A −
T+C

The operating pressure was fixed at 550 mmHg and excel solver was used to
determine the bubble point temperature by using the sum of vapor
compositions calculated.

The vapor composition was then calculated by:

YA = XA P ∗ /P

0.5 × 550
𝑌0.5 = = 0.6415
765.873

Dew Point Calculations

B
log10 P sat = A −
T+C

The operating pressure was fixed at 350 mmHg and excel solver was used to
determine the bubble point temperature by using the sum of vapor
compositions calculated.

The vapor composition was then calculated by:

YA = XA 𝑃/𝑃∗

0.5 × 550
𝑌0.5 = = 0,6401
395.8830

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 Table: Dew point Temperature

dew point temp liquid comp Psat vapor comp

P(Pa) Tb degrees water methanol water methanol water methanol
550 91.0579 1.0 0.0 549.9864 313.1468 1.0000 0.0000
550 92.2282 0.9 0.1 574.7870 326.5414 0.9406 0.0594
550 93.4823 0.8 0.2 602.3971 341.4133 0.8762 0.1242
550 94.8204 0.7 0.3 633.0696 357.8871 0.8057 0.1952
550 96.2084 0.6 0.4 666.2527 375.6553 0.7268 0.2732
550 97.7248 0.5 0.5 704.1510 395.8830 0.6401 0.3599
550 99.3599 0.4 0.6 747.0149 418.6811 0.5433 0.4567
550 101.1335 0.3 0.7 795.9437 444.6071 0.4342 0.5659
550 103.0842 0.2 0.8 852.8074 474.6138 0.3101 0.6903
550 105.2028 0.1 0.9 918.3521 509.0468 0.1670 0.8330
550 107.5755 0.0 1.0 996.6665 549.9854 0.0000 1.0000

Table: bubble point Temperature

bubble point
temp liquid comp Psat vapor comp sum
P(Pa) Tb water methanol water methanol water methanol
550 91.0579 1.0 0.0 549.9864 313.1468 1.0000 0.0000 1.0000
550 93.0099 0.9 0.1 591.8690 335.7474 0.8363 0.1638 1.0001
550 94.8800 0.8 0.2 634.4650 358.6354 0.6935 0.3067 1.0002
550 96.6735 0.7 0.3 677.6911 381.7675 0.5681 0.4322 1.0003
550 98.3966 0.6 0.4 721.5065 405.1239 0.4574 0.5430 1.0004
550 100.0546 0.5 0.5 765.8733 428.6857 0.3591 0.6415 1.0006
550 101.6525 0.4 0.6 810.7557 452.4358 0.2714 0.7294 1.0007
550 103.1944 0.3 0.7 856.1198 476.3579 0.1927 0.8082 1.0009
550 104.7197 0.2 0.8 903.0504 501.0225 0.1218 0.8782 1.0000
550 106.1698 0.1 0.9 949.6266 525.4210 0.0579 0.9421 1.0000
550 107.5755 0.0 1.0 996.6665 549.9854 0.0000 1.0000 1.0000

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 8.2.3 Material and component Balance

To determine the Material balance, the following equation

𝐹 =𝐷+𝐵

𝐹𝑋𝐴 = 𝐷𝑋𝐴 + 𝐵𝑋𝐴

The feed volume of the distillation was 5 L and the recorded volume of the
distillate was 170 ml (0.17 L). The time taken to run the process was 15 minutes
(900 sec). The feed water and methanol ratio was 0.5:0.5, Distillate 0.9:0.1.

5𝑙
𝐹= = 0,0056 𝑙/𝑠
900 𝑠𝑒𝑐

0.17 𝑙
𝐷= = 0,000189 𝑙/𝑠
900 𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝐵 =𝐹−𝐷
𝐵 = 0,0056 − 0,000189
𝐵 = 0,0054 𝑙/𝑠

Water Component Balance

𝐹𝑋𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0,0056 × 0.5 = 0,0028 𝑙/𝑠

𝐷𝑋𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0,000189 × 0,1 = 0,000019 𝑙/𝑠

𝐵𝑋𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝐹𝑋𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝐷𝑋𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0,002759 𝑙/𝑠

Methanol Component Balance

𝐹𝑋𝑀𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙 = 0,0056 × 0.5 = 0,002778 𝑙/𝑠

𝐷𝑋𝑀𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙 = 0,000189 × 0,9 = 0,00017 𝑙/𝑠

𝐵𝑋𝑀𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙 = 𝐹𝑋𝑀𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙 − 𝐷𝑋𝑀𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙 = 0,002608 𝑙/𝑠

8.2.3 Energy Balance

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