Chapter 1 - Matter

Question 1, Page 11
Part (a) Define: matter
Tip
Anything which has mass and occupy some volume is called as matter

Explanation
• As it is known that matter is a substance which has some definite mass and definite
volume.
• For example, ice has mass and volume.
• Air also has mass and it occupies some volume in atmosphere so therefore it is
considered as matter.
• Solid, liquid and gas are the example of matter

Final Answer
Matter is a substance which has some mass and occupy some volume.

Part (b) Define: intermolecular forces of attraction

Tip
Intermolecular force of attraction is the force which attracts the neighbouring particles in a
matter

Explanation
• As it is known that matter is a substance that has some mass and volume.
• In this matter, intermolecular forces are present which can be attractive or repulsive.
• The intermolecular forces of attraction are the force that attracts the neighboring
particles.
• Thus the intermolecular force of attraction is defined

Final Answer
Intermolecular forces of attraction is the force which tends to attract the neighbouring
particles toward each other

Question 2, Page 11
What are the three states of matter ? Define each of them with two examples.
Tip
Matter is a substance which has some mass and volume

Explanation
• As it is known that matter is a substance that has some mass and occupies some
volume.
• This can be classified into three types i.e. solid, liquid, and gas.
 • The example of solid, liquid, and gas are given below
• Solid is that matter which has a high molecular force of attraction. For example, Ice,
brick.
• The liquid is that matter which has a higher molecular force of attraction than gas but
less than solid. For example water and alcohol
• Gas is that matter which has the lowest molecular force of attraction. For example
oxygen and nitrogen

Final Answer
Solid, liquid, and gas.
• Solid is that matter which has definite shape and definite volume. For example ice and
brick.
• Liquid is that matter that has definite volume but indefinite shape. For example water
and alcohol.
• Gas is that matter that neither has definite volume nor definite shape. For example
nitrogen and oxygen

Question 3, Page 11
Explain interconversion of states of matter. What are the two factors responsible for the
change of state of matter ?

Tip
Temperature and pressure decides the state of matter and the states can be interconvertible

Explanation
• As it is known that the states of matter can be interconvertible.
• Interconversion of the matter is the phenomena of conversion of one state of matter
into another and vice versa.
• They states can be converted by varying the two factors.
• Temperature and pressure are the two important factors which are responsible for the
interconversion of matter

Final Answer
• Interconversion of the matter is the phenomena of conversion of one state of matter
into another and vice versa.
• Temperature and pressure

Question 4, Page 11
State the main postulates of kinetic theory of matter.

Tip
Matter are made up of small particles which are constantly moving.

Explanation
 • As it is known that matter is a substance that has some definite mass and occupies some
volume.
• The kinetic theory of matter states that matter constitutes particles that are constantly
moving.
• There are intermolecular forces that can be attractive and repulsive and increases as
particles move close to each other.
• So these are main postulates of the kinetic theory of matter

Final Answer
• The kinetic theory of matter states that matter constitutes particles that are
constantly moving.
• There are intermolecular forces that can be attractive and repulsive and increases as
particles move close to each other.

Question 5, Page 11
Part (a): What happens to water if it is kept in a deep freezer?

Tip
At lower temperatures, the water in the liquid state will convert to the solid state.

Explanation
• As it is known that the states of matter can be interconvertible.
• When water is kept in the deep freezer, due to lower temperature the water gets
converted to ice.
• Because at a lower temperature, the motion of particles ceases and thus the liquid state
is converted to solid state.
• Hence ice will be formed when water is kept in the deep freezer.

Final Answer
Ice will be formed

Part (b) Answer

What happens to water if it is heated? Explain the phenomenon of change of state of water.

Tip
Water gets converted to vapour state when the temperature reaches boiling point

Explanation
• As it is known that the water can be converted into liquid and gas by varying the
condition of temperature and pressure.
• When water is heated , then the kinetic energy of the molecules increases and the
molecules tends to leave the surface.
• So they get converted to vapour state when water is heated.
 • But the thing which must be remembered here is that the chemical composition of the
water remains same.
• Only the state is changed.
• So water will be converted to the gaseous state when it is heated

Final Answer
• Water gets converted to the vapour phase.
• The chemical composition of water remains same.
• Only the state of water is changed.

Question 6, Page 11
Part (a) State the law of conservation of mass.

Tip
The mass can niether be created nor be destroyed

Explanation
• The law of conservation of mass states that the mass can neither be created nor be
destroyed.
• The amount of matter present is the actual mass and it does not change in the chemical
reaction
• So therefore the mass can neither be created nor be destroyed.
• Hence law of conservation is defined

Final Answer
Mass can neither be created nor be destroyed

Part (b) What do you observe when barium chloride solution is mixed with sodium sulphate
solution ?

Tip
Exchange of ions take place due to which precipitation forms

Explanation
• As it is known that in a chemical reaction, the atoms or molecules get interchanged
between the reacting species.
• Here when barium chloride solution is mixed with the sodium sulphate solution then
precipitate of barium sulphate is formed.
• Here barium sulphate is formed due to the exchange of ions between the reacting
species.
• So we observe that a white precipitate of barium sulphate is formed.

Final Answer
White precipitate of barium sulphate is formed due to ion exchange reaction
Question 7, Page 11
Part (a) Give reasons: A gas can fill the whole vessel in which it is enclosed.

Tip
The force of attraction in gas molecules is less.

Explanation
• As it is known that the gases have large intermolecular space.
• Also, the force of attraction between the molecules is also less.
• So when they are filled in any container then the molecule tends to move in all possible
directions.
• So the gas can fill the whole container

Final Answer
There is very less force of attraction and thus the molecules tends to move in all possible
direction

Part (b) Give reasons : Solids cannot be compressed.

Tip
The solid does not have any intermolecular space.

Explanation
• As it is known that solid constitute the particles and these particles are held very close
to each other.
• There is no intermolecular space and the force of attraction is large.
• So when they are compressed they do not show compression as there is no space to
move.
• So therefore it is difficult to compress the solids.

Final Answer
Because they have very less intermolecular space and large intermolecular force of attraction

Part (c) Give reasons : (c) Liquids can flow.

Tip
Intermolecular spaces are more in the liquid as compared to solid state.

Explanation
• As it is known that the liquid can flow.
• The substance which can flow are called as fluids.
• The liquid flows because there is large intermolecular space and less molecular force of
attraction.
• Thus they can flow but in solid-state there is no such intermolecular space so they can
not flow
Final Answer
Because they have large intermolecular space and less intermolecular forces.

Part (d) Give reasons: When magnesium is burnt in air, there is an increase in mass after the
reaction.

Tip
The oxidation take place when magnesium is burnt in the air

Explanation
• As it is known that when metal is burnt in air then they react with the oxygen present to
give the metal oxide.
• Before the reaction the magnesium was alone but after the reaction the magnesium
oxide is formed in which oxygen is also present along with magnesium
• So that's why mass is increased after the reaction.
• The reaction is given below

Mg+O2→MgO

Final Answer
Because of formation of magnesium oxide in which oxygen is also present along with
magnesium

Question 8, Page 11
Part (a) Fill in the blanks:
The change of a solid into a liquid is called -------------.

Tip
The change of solid into liquid state is called as melting

Explanation
• As it is known that melting is the process of conversion of solid state into liquid state.
• When ice is left in the air , the ice starts converting into water.
• This process is called as melting of ice.
• Hence melting is the process of conversion of solid state into liquid state

Final Answer
Melting

Part (b) Fill in the blanks :

The process in which a solid directly changes into gas is called ------------.
Tip
Sublimation is the process of conversion of solid state to the gaseous state without undergoing
to a liquid state.

Explanation
• As it is known that sublimation is the process of conversion of solid state to gaseous
state.
• So there are some substances that get directly converted to gaseous state without
undergoing to liquid state.
• Camphor and iodine are two examples that sublime on heating.
• So therefore this is the right answer

Final Answer
Sublimation

Part (c)
Fill in the blanks:
The change of water vapour into water is called -----------.

Tip
Condensation is the process of conversion of gaseous state to solid state

Explanation
• When water is heated than at the boiling point it gets converted to the vapour state.
• But when the vapour of water is converted back to liquid state then this process is called
as condensation
• Condensation is the reverse process of vaporisation.
• So therefore this is the right answer

Final Answer
Condensation

Part (d)

Fill in the blanks:

The temperature at which a liquid starts changing into its vapour state is ----------,

Tip
The boiling point is the temperature where a liquid changes to a vapour state.

Explanation
• As it is known that the boiling point is the temperature when the liquid state changes to
a gaseous state.
• So when this temperature is reached, then state transformation takes place.
 • Before this temperature, the liquid state exists and after this temperature, the gaseous
state exists.
• So therefore the boiling point is the temperature at which the liquid state changes to a
gaseous state.

Final Answer
Boiling point

Question 9, Page 11
Part (a) Give two examples for each of the following :The substances which sublime.

Tip
Sublimation is the process of conversion of solid state to the gaseous state without undergoing
to a liquid state.

Explanation
• As it is known that sublimation is the process of conversion of solid state to gaseous
state.
• So there are some substances that get directly converted to gaseous state without
undergoing to liquid state.
• Camphor and iodine are two examples which sublimes on heating.
• So therefore this is the right answer

Final Answer
Camphor and Iodine

Part (b) Give two examples for each of the following : The substances which do not change
their state on heating.

Tip
Gases can not change their state when heated.

Explanation
• As there are so many substances that change their state when heated.
• But there is some substance that does not change their state while heating.
• Camphor and oxygen gas are two substance which does not change their state while
heating.
• So, therefore, these are two examples of substance which does not change their state
while heating.

Final Answer
Camphor and oxygen gas

Question 10, Page 11

Part (a) Define: Diffusion.

Tip
The movement of particles from higher concentration to lower concentration is termed
diffusion

Explanation
• As it is known that the particles tends to move from higher concentration to lower
concentration
• For example when an empty jar is put over a jar filled with bromine vapours than the
empty jar also get filled with the bromine vapour.
• This happens due to the diffusion phenomena
• So diffusion is the process of moving particles from higher concentration to lower
concentration.

Final Answer
Diffusion is the process of moving particles to area of lower concentration from the area of
higher concentration

Part (b) Define: Brownian motion.

Tip
When the particles move in zig-zag path then Brownian motion is observed there

Explanation
• As it is known that the particles in any substances tends to move.
• When these particles perform the zig-zag motion then brownian movement is observed.
• The Brownian movement is observed by an ultra microscope.
• This motion was discovered by the Robert Brown so that it is called as Brownian motion

Final Answer
The zig-zag motion of the particles which is observed under the high ultra microscope is called
Brownian motion

Question 11, Page 11

When sodium chloride is added to a definite volume of water and stirred well, a solution is
formed, but there is no increase in the level of water. Why?

Tip
The water molecule has space between them that can accommodate some particles.

Explanation
• As it is known that solution involves solute and solvent.
 • Solute is the component that is added and solvent is the component to which
component is added.
• Here when sodium chloride is added to the water then a solution is formed.
• But the volume remains same.
• This happens because the water molecules has some empty space between them where
the particles of sodium chloride can be accommodated.
• So therefore the volume will remain same.

Final Answer
Because the water molecule has empty space between them where the particles of sodium
chloride can be accommodated.

Question 12, Page 11

What do you observe when a gas jar which appears empty is inverted over a gas jar
containing Bromine vapours? Name the phenomenon.
Tip
The gas particle moving from higher concentration to lower concentration

Explanation
• When a gas jar that appears empty is inverted over a gas jar containing bromine vapours
then the empty jar is also filled with the bromine vapours.
• This is because the empty jar has very low concentration of bromine vapours.
• So the bromine vapours will move from higher concentration to lower concentration
and this process is called as diffusion.
• Diffusion is the phenomenan which helps in the filling of the empty jar with the bromine
vapours.

Final Answer
The empty jar also gets filled with bromine vapours. The phenomenon is diffusion
Question 13, Page 11
Why can a piece of chalk be broken easily into smaller pieces while a coal piece cannot be
broken easily?

Tip
The atoms or molecules in any substance are held together due to the force of attraction.

Explanation
• As it is known that in any matter the atoms or molecules are held together due to the
force of attraction.
• If the force of attraction is large then it is difficult to break and if the force of attraction
is less then it is easy to break.
• So from the above statement, it is clear that a piece of chalk has the lower force of
attraction between the molecule while coal piece has greater force of attraction.
• Hence that's why it is easy to break the piece of chalk as compared to piece of coal.
Final Answer
Piece of chalk has a lesser force of attraction as compared to a piece of coal so therefore it is
easy to break a piece of chalk as compared to piece of coal