2020 G.

C 3RD QUARTER BIOLOGY LESSON NOTE FOR GRADE 9

 Dear students: - Copy the note and do the given homework on your exercise book!
Subject: Biology Grade & section 9(A – F)
Unit: 3
Main topic: HUMAN BIOLOGY AND HEALTH
Sub topic/s: The circulatory system
Page range from:
Monday, April 20, 2020
HUMAN BIOLOGY AND HEALTH

The circulatory system

The circulatory system includes heart, blood and blood vessels. Heart pumps blood into the blood vessels.
Blood vessels circulate the blood throughout the body. Blood transports nutrients and oxygen to the
tissues and removes carbon dioxide and waste products from the tissue.

The heart

Heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the circulatory system. It is situated in between two
lungs in the mediastinum. It is made up of four chambers, two

Atria and two ventricles: The musculature of ventricles is thicker than that of atria. Force of contraction of
heart depends upon the muscles.

RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART

Right side of the heart has two chambers, right atrium and right ventricle. Right atrium is a thin walled
and low pressure chamber. It has got the pacemaker known as sinoatrial node that produces cardiac impulses
and atrioventricular node that conducts the impulses to the ventricles.

Right atrium receives venous (deoxygenated) blood via two large veins:
Superior vena cava that returns venous blood from the head, neck and upper limbs

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Inferior vena cava that returns venous blood from lower parts of the body (Fig.below)

Right atrium communicates with right ventricle through tricuspid valve. Wall of right ventricle is thick. Venous
blood from the right atrium enters the right ventricle through this valve.
From the right ventricle, pulmonary artery arises. It carries the venous blood from right ventricle to lungs. In
the lungs, the deoxygenated blood is oxygenated.

LEFT SIDE OF THE HEART

Left side of the heart has two chambers, left atrium and left ventricle. Left atrium is a thin walled and low
pressure chamber. It receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through pulmonary veins. This is the only
exception in the body, where an artery carries venous blood and vein carries the arterial blood.

Blood from left atrium enters the left ventricle through mitral valve (bicuspid valve). Wall of the left
ventricle is very thick. Left ventricle pumps the arterial blood to different parts of the body through systemic
aorta.

SEPTA OF THE HEART

Right and left atria are separated from one another by a fbrous septum called interatrial septum.

Right and left ventricles are separated from one another by interventricular septum. The upper part of this
septum is a membranous structure, whereas the lower part of it is muscular in nature.
Tuesday, April 21, 2020

VALVES OF THE HEART

There are four valves in human heart. Two valves are in between atria and the ventricles called
atrioventricular valves. Other two are the semilunar valves, placed at the opening of blood vessels arising
from ventricles, namely systemic aorta and pulmonary artery. Valves of the heart permit the fow of blood
through heart in only one direction.

Atrioventricular Valves
Left atrioventricular valve is otherwise known as mitral valve or bicuspid valve. It is formed by two valvular
cusps or faps (Fig.below).
Right atrioventricular valve is known as tricuspid valve and it is formed by three cusps.
Brim of the atrioventricular valves is attached to atrioventricular ring, which is the fbrous connection
between the atria and ventricles. Cusps of the valves are attached to papillary muscles by means of chordae
tendineae. Papillary muscles arise from inner surface of the ventricles. Papillary muscles play an important
role in closure of the cusps and in preventing the back
fow of blood from ventricle to atria during ventricular contraction.
Atrioventricular valves open only towards ventricles and prevent the backfow of blood into atria.
Semilunar Valves
Semilunar valves are present at the openings of systemic aorta and pulmonary artery and are known as aortic
valve and pulmonary valve respectively. Because of the
Half-moon shape, these two valves are called semilunar valves. Semilunar valves are made up of three faps.
Semilular valves open only towards the aorta and pulmonary artery and prevent the backfow of blood into
the ventricles.
Wednesday, April 22, 2020

Blood Circulation through the Heart

The right and left sides of the heart work together in achieving a smooth flowing blood circulation.
Entrance to the heart. Blood enters the heart through two large veins, the inferior and superior vena cava,
emptying oxygen-poor blood from the body into the right atrium of the heart.
• Atrial contraction. As the atrium contracts, blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle
through the open tricuspid valve.
• Closure of the tricuspid valve. When the ventricle is full, the tricuspid valve shuts to prevent blood
from flowing backward into the atria while the ventricle contracts.
• Ventricle contraction. As the ventricle contracts, blood leaves the heart through the pulmonic valve,
into the pulmonary artery and to the lungs where it is oxygenated.
• Oxygen-rich blood circulates. The pulmonary vein empties oxygen-rich blood from the lungs into the
left atrium of the heart.
• Opening of the mitral valve. As the atrium contracts, blood flows from your left atrium into your left
ventricle through the open mitral valve.
• Prevention of backflow. When the ventricle is full, the mitral valve shuts. This prevents blood from
flowing backward into the atrium while the ventricle contracts.
• Blood flow to systemic circulation. As the ventricle contracts, blood leaves the heart through the aortic
valve, into the aorta and to the body.
Blood pressure
The force that the heart exerts against the wall of the blood vessels is called blood. Pressure
This pressure is much higher in arteries than in veins.
During the ventricular contraction, the pressure in the arteries is called systolic pressure. On the other
hand, the pressure in the arteries is called diastolic pressure. The normal measurement of systolic pressure is
120 mmHg,and the diastolic is 80 mmHg.
The instrument which is used for measuring the heart pressure is preferred to as Sphygmomanometre.

HOMEWORK
Choose the best answer from the given alternatives.
1. Which type of blood vessel has a 'pulse'?
A Artery
B Vein
C Capillary
 2. Which type of blood vessel has valves inside?
A. Artery
B. Vein
C. (Capillary
3. Which type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?
A. Artery
B. Vein
C. Capillary
4. What sort of circulatory system is the human circulatory system?
A An open circulatory system
B A single circulatory system
C A double circulatory system
5. From which chamber of the heart does blood leave to go to the lungs?
A. Right ventricle
B. Right atrium
C. Left ventricle 5
6. Which valve prevents blood flowing back into the left atrium from the left ventricle?
A. The semi-lunar valve
B. The bicuspid valve
C. The tricuspid valve
7. Which chamber produces the highest pressure in the blood?
A. Right atrium
B. Left atrium
C. Left ventricle
D. Right ventricle
8. What effect does adrenaline have on the heart?
A. It increases the heart rate only
B. It increases the stroke volume only
C. It increases the heart rate and stroke volume
9. In coronary heart disease, what are the fatty deposits on the walls of the arteries called?
A. Plaques
B. Platelets
C. Plasma
D. Tartar
Thursday, April 23, 2020

Blood
A special fluid connective tissue that circulates in our vascular system. It consists of plasma and formed
elements (blood cells).
Plasma
1. The liquid part of blood or lymph which is straw coloured, viscous fluid constituting nearly 55 per cent of
blood.
2. 90-92 percent of plasma is water and 6-8% proteins.
3. Fibrinogen, globulin and albumins are the major protein found in plasma.
4. Fibrinogen is required in blood clotting or coagulation of blood.
5. Globulins involved in defense mechanism of the body.
6. Albumin helps in osmotic balance of blood.
7. Plasma also contains small amounts of minerals, glucose, amino acids, lipids etc.
8. Plasma without the clotting factors is called serum.

Erythrocytes

1. Also known as RBC (red blood cells) is the most abundant of all the cells of blood.
2. 5 – 5.5 million RBC found per mm3 of the blood.
3. Produced from the red bone marrow in the adult.
4. RBCs devoid of nucleus in most of mammals.
5. Biconcave in shape
6. Red in color due presence of complex conjugated protein called haemoglobin.
7. 12-16 gm of haemoglobin present per 100 ml of blood in a healthy adult.
8. RBCs have average life span of 120 days after which is destroyed in the spleen.
9. Spleen is commonly known as the graveyard of RBCs.

Leukocytes

Also known as white blood cells (WBC).

They are colorless due to lack of haemoglobin.
They are nucleated and relatively lesser in number which averages 6000-8000 per mm3 of blood.
White blood cells are responsible for defending our body from disease causing organisms.
Thrombocytes

1. Also known as blood platelets.

2. Produced from fragmentation of megakaryocytes.
3. Blood normally contain 200000-400000 per mm3 of blood
4. Involved in releasing thromboplastin required to initiate blood coagulation
Friday, April 24, 2020

BLOOD GROUPS

Two blood grouping mechanisms ABO and Rh system.

ABO grouping

1. Plasma of different individuals contains two natural antibodies, anti ‘A’ and ‘B’.
2. ABO grouping is based on the presence or absence of two surface antigens on the RBCs namely A and B.
3. In a mismatched transfusion the antigen of the donor reacts with antibody of the recipient to cause a
reaction called clumping of agglutination.
4. Person with blood group ‘O’ has no antigen hence can donate blood anybody, called universal donor.
5. Person with blood group ‘AB’ has no antibody in his plasma hence can receive blood from anybody,
called universal recipient.
Rh grouping

1. Another antigen, the Rh antigen similar to one present in Rhesus monkeys (hence Rh), is also observed on
the surface of RBCs on majority (nearly 80 %).
2. Person with Rh antigen is said to be Rh positive (Rh+).
3. Person without Rh antigen is said to be Rh negative (Rh-).
4. Person with Rh- blood transfused with Rh+ blood, forms anti Rh antibody and destroy the Rh+ RBCs.
5. A special case of Rh incompatibility (mismatching) has been observed between the Rh- bloods of
pregnant mother with the Rh+ blood of the foetus.
6. During parturition the Rh+ foetal blood mixed with the Rh- maternal blood, hence anti Rh antibody
formed in mothers blood.
7. In successive pregnancy the anti Rh antibody from mother’s blood leaks into the foetal blood and destroy
the Rh+ RBCs.
8. This caused HDN (haemolytic disease in new born) or Erythroblastosis foetalis.
9. This can be prevented by administering anti-Rh antibody to the mother immediately after the delivery of
the first child.
HOMEWORK
Choose the best answer from the given alternatives
1 The chamber of the heart responsible for receiving blood as it returns from the lungs after it has been
reoxygenated.
a. Right Atrium c. Left Atrium
b. Right Ventricle d. Left Ventricle
2. This is the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart. a.
Aorta
b. Pulmonary Trunk
c. Superior Vena Cava
d. Inferior Vena Cava
3. The bicuspid valve is also known as the:
a. Right atrioventricular valve
b. Aortic semilunar valve
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve
d. Mitral valve
4. The correct sequence of heart chambers a red blood cell would pass through as it travels through the
heart.
a. Right Atrium – Left Ventricle – Left Atrium – Right Ventricle
b. Right Atrium – Right Ventricle – Left Atrium – Left Ventricle
c. Left Atrium – Left Ventricle – Right Atrium – Right Ventricle
d. Left Atrium – Right Atrium – Left Ventricle – Right Ventricle
5. The vessels in the circulatory system where the exchange of gas takes place are :
a. Veins
b. Capillaries
c. Arteries
6. Which of the following is NOT a formed element of blood?
a. Red Blood Cells c. Plasma
b. White Blood Cells d. Platelets
7. The type of blood vessels that have one way valves preventing back flow of blood.
a. Capillaries b. Arteries c. Veins d. Arterioles
8. Which of the following is NOT a formed element of blood?
a. Red Blood Cells c. Plasma
b. White Blood Cells d. Platelets
9. The type of blood vessels that have one way valves preventing back flow of blood.
a. Capillaries b. Arteries c. Veins d. Arterioles