Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. Subdivisions of A&P:
A. Anatomy: Study of the structure of body parts.
1. Gross Anatomy: Study of shit you can see.
2. Micro Anatomy: Study of shit you can’t.
3. Cytology: Study of cell anatomy.
4. Histology: Study of tissues.
5. Developmental: Study of what your parts have been doing since birth.
6. Embrology: Study of human embryo.
B. Physiology: Study of what said body parts do. (Chemistry, Physics, Math)
3. Homeostasis:
Homeostasis is the maintaining of stable internal conditions. If your body is not in
a stable state (homeostasis), you are diseased.
4. Anatomical Position:
Feet apart, palms facing forward, looking straight ahead. You must orient yourself
with the body. What you see as “the left side” is actually the right side, and vice
versa.
8. Hierarchy of Tissues:
cell --> tissue --> organ --> organ system --> organism
9. Directional Terms:
Inferior or Superior (lower or higher)
Proximal or Distal (closer or further from body, *use for limbs only)
Anterior or Posterior (closer to the front of you or closer to the back of you)
Medial or Lateral (closer to the middle or further from the middle)
Superficial or Deep (closer to the surface or deeper under the skin)
Proteins
There are hella proteins.
They are made up of the following things:
1. Variable group (this can change)
2. Amino Group (NH2)
3. Carboxyl Group (COOH)
4. A Central Carbon
There are 2 big types of proteins: Fibrous and Globular.
1. Fibrous: Strand-like, structural, water insoluble.
ex: collagen, keratin, elastin.
2. Globular: Compact spherical proteins, water soluble,
chemically active, functional proteins.
ex: enzymes, antibodies.
Structures:
Primary: Amino acids are in a chain.
Secondary: Alpha helix (coils) or beta pleated sheet (folded paper).
Ternary: A whole bunch of secondary structures on top of one
another.
Quarternary: 1 or more polypeptides.
Nucleic Acids
Are made up of nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains three components:
1. Phosphate ring
2. Sugar (ring) - Pentose (5 carbon sugar)
3. Base: Adenine, Cytosine, Thiamine, Guanine
DNA & RNA are nucleic acids.
22 Na
You see this on the test; this is what you should know:
The element in question is sodium.
The atomic number is 11. Therefore, there are 11 protons.
The atomic mass is 22. Atomic mass minus atomic number = # of neutrons.
22-11 = 11. There are 11 neutrons.
There is no charge on this atom, so there are also 11 electrons.
20 +3
40Ca
You see this on the test; this is what you should know: The element in
question is calcium.
The atomic number is 20. Therefore, there are 20 protons.
The atomic mass is 40. 40 - 20 = 20. Therefore, there are 20 neutrons.
You know electrons are negatively charged & there is a +3 charge on this atom.
THAT MEANS 3 ELECTRONS PEACED OUT. There are 17 electrons.
24. Acids, Bases and Buffer Systems:
1. Acids: Acids donate an H+ ion to a solution. If you’re being asked a question about
acids/bases and the chemical you are looking at starts with H, it is probably an acid.
ex: HCL, H2SO4. Both acids, both start with H.
a. If the pH is less than 7, it is an acid.
2. Bases: Bases accept H+ from a solution. If you’re being asked a question about
acids/bases and the chemical you are looking at ends in OH, it is a base.
ex: NaOH is a base.
b. If the pH is greater than 7, it is a base
3. Buffers: Buffer systems are systems that maintain the balance of acids and bases
within our bodies. In other words, buffer systems help us keep our pH in check.
ex: Carbonic acid / bicarbonate system that will be covered in question 33.
2. Cations: Ions that have more protons than electrons, giving them a positive
charge. They are the “takers”.
26. C, O, H, N.
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen and Nitrogen are the most abundant atoms in living
things. Burn this shit into your head, it is definitely on the test and is an easy point and a
half.
30. Matching
Pinocytosis, Phagocytosis, Exocytosis, Endocytosis, Receptor-Mediated:
1. Pinocytosis: “Cell drinking” - The absorbing of liquid with dissolved solutes.
2. Phagocytosis: Large, solid material taken into cell, engulfed by pseudopods.
3. Exocytosis: Movement of bulk materials out of cell - go to surface via vesicle.
4. Endocytosis: Movement of bulk materials into cell.
5. Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis: Intake of specific macromolecules using cell
receptors.
31. Situation: How materials move beaker-to-something********
On the study guide, this question is cut off so I have no fucking idea what he
wants. I recommend studying the notes from lab 3, particularly objectives 3 and
4. I will update this section as soon as Dr. D responds to my email.
*You guys probably have better notes on this than I do because I don’t draw pictures.