Biology

Cell structure
1) a. Cells are the basic unit of life.
Prokaryotic Cells are unicellular cells that have no nucleus membrane-bound DNA. Ex: bacteria
Eukaryotic cells are multicellular cells that have nucleus membrane-bound DNA.
b. Differences between animal and plant cell

Animal cell Plant cell

Do not have cell walls Have cell walls
Do not have a fixed shape Have a fixed shape
Do not have chloroplasts Have chloroplasts
Have centrioles Do not have centrioles
Do not have vacuoles, if present, vacuoles are Have large central vacuole
usually small and numerous
Carbohydrate is stored in the form of Carbohydrate is stored in the form of starch
glycogen
c. Functions of:
Cell wall: -Maintains the shape of plant cell
-Provides mechanical strength, protection and support to plant cells.
Cytoplasm: -Where biochemical reactions and most living processes occur within the cell.
Nucleus: -Controls all cellular activities
-Contains DNA which determines the characteristics of a cell and its metabolic functions.
Mitochondria: - Sites of cellular respiration.
- This process releases energy through the oxidation of food substances such as glucose
Chloroplast: -Contain chlorophyll which trap energy from sunlight and converts light energy into chemical
energy during photosynthesis. It gives plants their green color.
Vacuoles: -Store food and other materials needed by the cell.
-Store waste products
2) a. Chloroplast is an organelle that contains a green pigment called chlorophyll which traps energy from
sunlight and converts light energy into chemical energy during photosynthesis. It gives plants their green
color.
b. Photosynthesis equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.
c. Chromatin is long strands of DNA wrapped around protein called Histones.
Chromosomes are genetic material that is copied and passed from one generation to the next generation.
3) Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell
Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic cell
Most prokaryotes are unicellular Most eukaryotes are multicellular
Nucleus is absent Nucleus is present
Cell organelles such as mitochondria, plastids, Cell organelles such as mitochondria, plastids,
Golgi bodies, etc. are absent Golgi bodies, etc. are present

The size of cell is generally small The size of cell is large

Poorly defined nucleus due to the absence of The nucleus is well defined and is surrounded
a hundred membrane by nuclear membrane
4) Component of Nucleus
Nuclear membrane: separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
Chromatin: carries genetic material in the form of DNA
Nucleolus: where ribosomes are made.

Chemical compound in cells

1) a. Definition and examples
 Organic compounds are compounds that contain the elements carbon.
Examples: Lipid, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins.
Inorganic compounds are compounds that contain the element carbon.
Examples: water, sodium chloride, carbon dioxide.
b. Definitions:
An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
An Atom is the smallest unit of an element.
Compound refers to or more elements combined chemically.
A molecule is the smallest unit of most compounds.
c. Carbon dioxide is considered an inorganic compound because organic compounds contain carbon atom
bonded to hydrogen atom but in carbon dioxide it contains only carbon and not hydrogen.
2) a. Amino acids are monomers that make up proteins. General formula: R-CH(NH2)-COOH.
b. There are 20 types of amino acids. They can differentiate by having different side chains or R-groups.
c. Name the following amino acids
1. R = -H: Glycine
2. R = -CH (CH3) 2: Valine
3. R = -CH 3: Alanine
4. R = -CH 2-OH: Serine
3) a. Nucleic Acids are very large organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and
phosphorus. There are 2 types of NA:
-RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
-DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
b. 4 bases of DNA:
-Adenine (A)
-Cytosine (C)
-Guanine (G)
-Thymine (T)
4 bases of RNA
-Adenine (A)
-Cytosine (C)
-Guanine (G)
-Uracil (U)
c. DNA takes place in
4) 4 types of organic compound:
- Protein
- Carbohydrates
- Lipid
- Nucleic Acid
5) a. Proteins are large organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and sometimes sulfur.
Proteins functions are:
- It helps prepare and build body tissues
- Allow metabolic reaction to take place
- Coordinate bodily functions.
b. Carbohydrate is an energy rich organic compound made up of the elements carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen. Carbohydrates are the body’s primary source of energy.
c. Lipids are energy rich compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. It stores
energy for later use and structural support for the cell.
d. Nucleic acid is a very long organic molecule made of Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen,
Nitrogen, and Phosphorus. There are 2 types and its function:
- DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid): genetic material that carries information about an organism, it is passed on
from parent to offspring.
- RNA (Ribonucleic Acid): plays an important role in the production of proteins.
Mitosis
1) a. Mitosis is a process of cell duplication, or reproduction, where one cell produces 2 genetically identical
daughter cells. There are 4 phases of mitosis which are: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase.
b. The importance of mitosis is for the growth and repairment of tissues.
c. Shapes of chromosome in each phase of Mitosis:
- Prophase: the long, stringy chromatin coils up into visible chromosomes.
- Metaphase: the chromosomes are pulled by the spindle fibers and begin to line up on the equator.
- Anaphase: the chromatid pairs from each chromosome start to separate from each other
- Telophase: the chromosome now unwinds.
d. The number of chromatids of each chromosome in each phase of mitosis are as
follows:
- Prophase: 1 chromosome has 2 Chromatids
- Metaphase: 1 chromosome has 2 Chromatids
- Anaphase: 1 chromosome has 2 Chromatids
- Telophase: 1 chromosome has 2 Chromatids
2) a. Cell cycle is the sequence of growth and division of cell. There are 3 phases of cell cycle: Interphase,
Mitosis and Cytokinesis.