GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

The Cell
Structures and
Functions
AT THE END OF THIS LESSON, YOU
WILL BE ABLE TO:
DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION OF MAJOR AND
SUBCELLULAR ORGANELLES
Thus, you must be able to
a. Identify different parts of the cell and
describe their functions.
b. Differentiate plant cells and
animal cells.
PRETEST
Multiple Choices: Write the letter of your answer on the space provided before each
number.
_____1. All of the following about chloroplast are correct EXCEPT _____.

a. They synthesize sugar

b. They contain pigment
c. They are only found in plants
d. They appear green because of chlorophyll

_____2. What is the outermost boundary of an animal cell?

a. the cell membrane c. the nuclear envelope

b. the cellwall d. The cytoplasm
3. Human:brain; cell:_____
a. cytoplasm b. mitochrondria c. nucleus d. Ribosome

4. What site regulates the in and out of the cell?

a. cell wall c. RER
b. cell membrane d. Nuclear membrane

5. Which of the following is found in the nucleus?

a. chloroplast c. mitochondria
b. chromosomes d. chlorophyll

6. All of the following organelle has a membrane except _____.

a. vacoule c. ribosome
b. chromosomes d. Lysosome

7. Plant cell always have a box-like shape, because of the presence of _____.
a. nucleus b. cytoplasm c. cell wall d.cell membrane
8. Which of the following organelles transports materials inside the cell?
a. lysosome c. mitochondria
b. chloroplast d. endoplasmic reticulum

9. Which of the following statements is always true?

a. All cells have a cell wall. c. All cells contain a chloroplast.
b. All cells contain a nucleus. d. All cells have a cell membrane

10.The site of ATP production and the site of photosynthesis are the _____and
_____.
a. ribosomes and vacuoles c. mitochondria and chloroplast
b. chloroplast and lysosome d. Golgi complex and chloroplast

11. Specialized structures that work together inside a cell is called ____.
a. Eukaryotes b. nuclei c. Organelles d. prokaryotes

____12. Which of the following is a network of proteins that supports and gives
shape to a cell?
a. Cytoplasm b. cytoskeleton c. vacuole d. vesicles
13. Gasoline is to a car as glucose is to a __________.

a. Cell wall b. mitochondrion c. nucleus d. vacuole

14. Which organelles are unique to plant cells?

b. Centrosomes b. chloroplast c. ribosomes d. vacuoles

15. What is the main difference between plant and animal cells?

a. Animal cells are eukaryotes and plant cells are not

b. Animal cells have cell walls and plant cells do not
c. Plant cells are eukaryotes and animal cells are not
d. Plant cells have cell walls and animal cells do not
BE FAMILIAR
 Cytology- is the study of cell structure and activity
 Morpho-anatomy- the study of anatomical forms and
structures with emphasis on characteristics useful in
distinguishing the cell
(morphology=form , anatomy=structure or parts)
 Physiology- the normal functions of cells and their parts

 Unicellular – an organism consist of only one cell

 Multicellular – consist of many cells with different

groups of cells performing specific functions.
WHAT’S IN
USING THE VENN DIAGRAM COMPARE
AND CONTRAST THE IMAGES BELOW.
WHAT’S NEW

MAKE A MINI TOUR IN YOUR

COMMUNITY. MAKE A LIST OF A PLACE
OR PERSON WITH THEIR CORRESPONDING
FUNCTIONS IN YOUR COMMUNITY. WRITE
AS MANY AS YOU CAN.
VIDEO PRESENTATION
WHAT IS IT?

DISCUSSION
THREE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF CELL
PLASMA MEMBRANE (CELL
MEMBRANE)

 The cell membrane, also called the plasma

membrane, is a semipermeable lipid bilayer common to
all living cells. It contains a variety of biological
molecules, primarily proteins and lipids. It also serves as
the attachment point for both intracellular cytoskeleton
and, if present the cell wall (Ruiz, 2007).
 Cell membrane gives the cell its structure and regulates
the materials that enter and leave the cell.
PLASMA MEMBRANE (CELL
MEMBRANE)
THREE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF
PLASMA MEMBRANE:
 They keep toxic substances out of the cell
 They contain receptors and channels that allow
specific molecules such as ions, nutrients, wastes, and
metabolic products, that mediate cellular and
extracellular activities to pass between organelles and
between the cell and the outside environment
 They separate vital but incompatible metabolic
processes conducted within organelles.
CYTOPLASM
 Cytoplasm consists of all the contents outside of the
nucleus and enclosed within the cell membrane of a cell.
It is clear in color and has a gel-like appearance.
Cytoplasm is composed mainly of water but also
contains enzymes, salts organelles, and various organic
molecules.
Functions of cytoplasm;
 Support and suspend organelles and cellular molecules

 Site of protein synthesis, glycolysis(first stage of cellular

respiration) , mitosis and meiosis
 Helps move materials such as hormones, around the cell
and also dissolves cellular waste.
CYTOPLASM
ORGANELLES INSIDE THE
CYTOPLASM

Cell Organelles
 An organelle is a tiny cellular structure that performs
specific functions within a cell. These are embedded
within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
 They have a wide range of responsibilities that include
everything from generating energy for a cell to
controlling the cell’s growth and reproduction.
MITOCHONDRION (PLURAL MITOCHONDRIA)
 Are membrane-bound organelle found in the cytoplasm
of almost all eukaryotic cells (cells with clearly defined
nuclei.
 The primary function of which is to generate large
quantities of energy in the form of
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
 They are found in most mammalian cells. Classically
referred to as the power house of the cell, they are the
site of the majority of ATP synthesis.
 Typically round to oval in shape and range in size from
0.5 to 10 μm.
MITOCHONDRION (PLURAL MITOCHONDRIA)
 In addition to producing energy, mitochondria store
calcium for cell signaling activities, generate heat, and
mediate cell growth and death.
 The number of mitochondria per cell varies widely; for
example, in humans, erythrocytes (red blood cells) do
not contain any mitochondria, whereas liver cells and
muscle cells may contain hundreds or even thousands.
 Mitochondria are unlike other cellular organelles in that
they have two distinct membranes and a unique genome
and reproduce by binary fission; these features indicate
that mitochondria share an evolutionary past with
prokaryotes (single-celled organisms).
 Mitochondria have an inner and outer membrane, with an
intermembrane space between them. The outer
membrane contains proteins known as porins, which
allow movements of ions into and out of the
mitochondrion. Enzymes involved in the elongation of
fatty acids and the oxidation of adrenaline can also be
found on the outer membrane.
 The space within the inner membrane of the
mitochondrion is known as the matrix, which contains
the enzymes of the Krebs (TCA) and fatty acids,
alongside DNA, RNA, ribosomes and calcium granules.
 The inner membrane contains a variety of enzymes. It
contains a variety of enzymes. It contains ATP synthase
which generates ATP in the matrix, and transport proteins
that regulate the movement of metabolites into and out of
the matrix.
 The inner membrane is arranged in cristae in order to
increase the surface area available for energy production
via oxidative phosphorylations.
 The mitochondrion is the site of ATP synthesis for the
cell. The number of mitochondria found in a cell are
therefore a good indicator of the cell’s rate of metabolic
activity; cells which are very metabolically active,
such as hepatocytes, will have many
mitochondria.
 Mitochondria also have a role to help maintain the
intracellular environment. They:
 Store caspases responsible for triggering apoptosis.
 Are able to transiently store calcium contributing to calcium

homeostasis.
MITOCHONDRION (PLURAL MITOCHONDRIA)

 In brown adipose tissue mitochondria have an alternative

function of heat production using the electron transport
chain.
 Mitochondria replicate their DNA by a process called
binary fission and can use this to make multiple copies
in one mitochondrion.
 Their DNA has maternal lineage which means their
DNA is passed from mother to child with little change.
MITOCHONDRION (PLURAL MITOCHONDRIA)
MITOCHONDRION (PLURAL MITOCHONDRIA)

 Mitochondrial DNA is the small circular chromosome

found inside mitochondria. The mitochondria are
organelles found in cells that are the sites of energy
production. The mitochondria, and thus mitochondrial
DNA, are passed from mother to offspring.
 Inside the mitochondrion is a certain type of DNA.
That's different in a way from the DNA that's in the
nucleus. This DNA is small and circular. It has only
16,500 or so base pairs in it. And it encodes different
proteins that are specific for the mitochondrial.
MITOCHONDRION (PLURAL MITOCHONDRIA)

 Some of the enzymes in those pathways, and some of the

proteins that are needed to function in those pathways, are
produced by the mitochondrial DNA. The mitochondrial
DNA is critically important for many of the pathways that
produce energy within the mitochondria.
 Mitochondrial DNA, unlike nuclear DNA, is inherited
from the mother, while nuclear DNA is inherited from
both parents. So this is very helpful sometimes in
determining how a person has a certain disorder in the
family. Sometimes a disease will be inherited through the
mother's line, as opposed to both parents. You can tell
from a pedigree or a group of family history whether or
not this is a mitochondrial disease because of that.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

Network of hollow membrane tubules

Connects to nuclear envelope & cell
membrane
 Two kinds of ER
Rough ER - Has ribosomes on its surface
which makes membrane proteins and proteins
for EXPORT out of cell
Smooth ER – Synthesize lipids, and stores
calcium in muscle cell.
 Has no ribosomes
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
RIBOSOMES

Synthesize proteins
Join amino acids to make proteins in
the process called protein synthesis
Found attached to RER and free in
the cytosol
GOLGI BODIES

Stacks of flattened sacs

Have a shipping side (trans face) and
receiving side (cis face)
Receive proteins made by ER
Transport vesicles with modified
proteins pinch off the ends
GOLGI BODIES
VACUOLES

 Vacuole (can compare to a vesicle in an animal cell)

appears like a thin membrane-bound sac, and it is a
fluid-filled sac. Vacuoles found in animal cells are
relatively small vacuoles. Common vacuoles present in
animal cells are phagocytic vacuoles, food vacuoles,
contractile vacuoles, etc. In plant cells, the vacuoles
found are very large. Furthermore, several small
vacuoles are present inside an animal cell while one big
vacuole is present inside the plant cell more often. The
vacuole is very significant in parenchyma cells.
Tonoplast is the membrane that encloses a vacuole. Cell
sap is the fluid found inside the vacuole.
VACUOLES
 It contains mineral salts, sugars, organic acids, oxygen,
carbon dioxide, pigments, waste and certain secondary
metabolites.
LYSOSOMES “SUICIDE BAG”

 Contain digestive enzymes

 Break down food, bacteria, and worn out cell parts for
cells
 Programmed for cell death (APOPTOSIS/AUTOLYSIS)

 Lyse (break open) & release enzymes to break down &

recycle cell parts)
LYSOSOMES “SUICIDE BAG”
CENTRIOLES
 With a diameter of about 250nm and a length ranging
from 150-500nm in vertebrates, centrioles are some of
the largest protein-based structures. The nine triplets
microtubules are some of the most recognizable features
of this organelle.
 In some organisms (e.g. in Drosophila and nematodes)
the microtubules are simpler and may occur as either
doublet microtubules (in flies) or single microtubules as
is the case with Caenorhabditis elegans.
 In human beings, however, among other higher animals,
they exist as complex triplets that make up the scaffold
of the microtubules arranged in a circle (at an angle)
around the central core.
 When viewed from one end, the triplet microtubules
appear to have an anticlockwise twist arrangement.
 Typically found in eukaryotic cells, centrioles are
cylindrical (tube-like) structures/organelles composed of
microtubules. In the cell, centrioles aid in cell division
by facilitating the separation of chromosomes. For this
reason, they are located near the nucleus.
 Apart from cell division, centrioles are also involved in
the formation of cilia and flagella and thus contribute to
cell movement.
 While centrioles are typically found in eukaryotic cells,
they are absent in higher plants. In these plants, then,
cells do not use centrioles during cell division.
 Centrioles can be found in:

 Animal cells

 Lower plants

 The base of cilia and flagella (as basal bodies)

CHLOROPLASTS
 Found only in producers (organisms containing
chlorophyll)
 Use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose)
 Energy from sun stored in the Chemical Bonds of
Sugars
 Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane
 Outer membrane smooth
 Inner membrane modified into sacs called Thylakoids
 Thylakoids in stacks called Grana and interconnected
 Stroma – gel like material surrounding thylakoids
PEROXISOME
 A membrane-bound organelle occurring in the
cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
 Peroxisomes play a key role in the oxidation of specific
biomolecules.
 They also contribute to the biosynthesis of membrane
lipids known as plasmalogens.
 In plant cells, peroxisomes carry out additional
functions, including the recycling of carbon from
phosphoglycolate during photorespiration.
 Specialized types of peroxisomes have been identified
in plants, among them the glyoxysome, which functions
in the conversion of fatty acids to carbohydrates.
NUCLEUS
 The cell nucleus is analogous to be the “brain” (eukaryotes)
of the cell. While prokaryotes do not have nucleus, thus its
genetic material is can be found in the cytoplasm of the cell.
It is protected by the nuclear envelope.


 Nuclear envelope – this part of the nucleus separates the

contents of the nucleus from the contents of the cytoplasm.


 Nuclear pores -,these are small holes on the nuclear

envelope that control which ion and molecules (for
example, proteins and RNA) can move in and out of the
nucleus.
 Nucleolus – is a region found inside the nucleus that is
concerned in producing and assembling the cell’s
ribosomes.
 Chromatin – is a substance within a chromosome
consisting of DNA and protein.
WHAT’S MORE
ACTIVITY 1
DIRECTION: LABEL THE PARTS OF THE FIGURE BELOW
ACTIVITY 2

GO BACK TO THE PRE-ACTIVITY THAT YOU

HAVE. COMPARE THE LIST OF
PERSONS/STRUCTURE THAT YOU FOUND IN
YOUR COMMUNITY TO THE STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTIONS OF THE CELL PARTS AND ANSWER
THE GIVEN QUESTIONS.

1. WHICH/WHO AMONG THE LIST IS CAN BE

COMPARED TO THE THREE MAJOR
ORGANELLES OF THE CELL?
2. WHICH/WHO AMONG ON YOUR LIST ARE
CAN BE COMPARED TO THE SUB-
ORGANELLES OF THE CELL?

3. ANALYZE THE ANALOGY BELOW AND

ANSWER THE QUESTIONS THAT FOLLOWED.
BARANGAY CAPTAIN: NUCLEUS
BARANGAY (LAND AREA): CYTOPLASM
PEOPLE IN THE COMMUNITY: PLASMA
MEMBRANE
4. DO YOU THINK THE
PERSON/STRUCTURE MENTIONED ABOVE
PERFORMED THEIR FUNCTIONS VERY
WELL? WHY OR NOT?

5. WHAT DO YOU THINK WILL HAPPEN IF

SOME OF THE STRUCTURES/PERSONS IN
YOUR SCHOOL DID NOT PERFORM THEIR
FUNCTIONS VERY WELL? HOW ABOUT
THE CELL STRUCTURES?
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL VARY IN SIZE AND

SHAPE BUT HAVE COMMON STRUCTURES
SUCH AS PLASMA MEMBRANE, NUCLEUS,
CYTOPLASM, ROUGH AND SMOOTH
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, RIBOSOMES,
CYTOSKELETON, GOLGI APPARATUS,
MITOCHONDRION, VACUOLE/VESICLE, AND
LYSOSOME.

ANIMAL CELLS HAVE CENTRIOLES WHICH

ARE NOT FOUND IN PLANT CELLS.
 SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES OF PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL

Animal Cell Plant Cell

Shape Round(irregular shape) Rectangular(fixed shape)
Vacuole One or more small vacuoles One large central vacuole
(much smaller than plant cell) taking up to 90% of cell
volume
Centrioles Present Only present in lower plant
forms (e.g.chlamydomonas)
Chloroplasts Absent Present
Cytoplasm Present Present
Ribosomes Present Present
Mitochondria Present Present
Plastids Absent Present
Endoplasmic Present Present
reticulum(smooth and
rough)
Peroxisomes Present Present
Golgi Apparatus Present Present
Plasma membrane only cell membrane Cell wall and cell membrane

Lysosome Occur in cytoplasm Usually not evident

Nucleus Present Present
WHAT I CAN DO

MAKE YOUR OWN MODEL OF PLANT AND

ANIMAL CELL USING EDIBLE, RECYCLABLE
OR INDIGENOUS MATERIALS IN YOUR HOME;
BE CREATIVE AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE. TAKE A
PHOTO DOCUMENTATION OF THIS ACTIVITY
AND SEND THE FILES OR PICTURES IN A PDF
FORM TO YOUR TEACHER.
Rubric to be used:
Complete parts: 25
Creativity: 20
Taste / presentation: 5
Total Points 50

Let your parents or guardian do the judging based

from the prescribed rubric
ASSESSMENT
THANK YOU
The Endomembrane
System – Video
The Endomembrane System consist of :
1. ____________________
2. ____________________ _____________________
3. ____________________ _____________________
4. _____________________
5. _____________________ ____________________
Questions:
1. Which organelles are included in the
endomembrane system?
2. What is common among the
endomembrane organelles?
3. Trace the movement of materials in these
organelles from the nucleus to
plasma membrane?
4. What can you conclude about
endomembrane system?
WHAT I CAN DO
 Coronavirus disease
(COVID-19) is an infectious
disease caused by a novel
coronavirus.
 Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience
mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring
special treatment. Older people, and those with underlying medical
problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory
disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.
 The best way to prevent and slow down transmission is be well
informed about the COVID-19 virus, the disease it causes and how
it spreads. Protect yourself and others from infection by keep a
social distancing, wearing mask, washing your hands or using an
alcohol based rub frequently and not touching your face.
 Explain why a virus is non-living things. Anchor your
discussion on the cell theory.