Umali, Jenny Shane P.

BSA 3

PES

Life’s Origin and Early Revolution

THE EARLY LIFE

Origin of the universe and earth

• BIG BANG THEORY – the universe began in single instant, about 13 to 15 billion years ago

• About 5 billion years ago, a cloud of dust and rocks (asteroids) orbited the star we now called “sun”.

• Liquid water – essential to life as we know if because molecules that carry out metabolic reactions
have to be dissolve in water.

The oldest fossil cells

• Stromatolite- mounded, layered structure that forms in shallow sunlight water when a mat of
photosynthetic bacteria traps minerals and sediment.

Origin and evolution or eukaryotes

• Biomarker – substance tat occurs only or predominantly in cells in specific to eukaryotes

• Protists- first eukaryotes

• red algae – oldest eukaryotic fossils

Cytoplasm

• gel-like fluid inside the cell.

• It is the medium for chemical reaction.

• It provides a platform upon which other organelles can operate within the cell

Origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts

Mitochondria

• power house/ plant of the cell

• Double-membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic organisms.

Cyanobacteria

• The only modern bacteria tat carry photosynthesis by the oxygen-producing pathway as chloroplasts
do.

Chloroplast

• Organelle within the cells of plants and certain algae that is the site of photosynthesis, which is the
process by which energy from the Sun is converted into chemical energy for growth.
Umali, Jenny Shane P.

BSA 3

PES

BIOENERGETICS

What is a cell?

 A cell is a mass of cytoplasm that is bound externally by a cell membrane.

 Usually microscopic in size, cells are the smallest structural units of living matter and compose all
living things.

 Most cells have one or more nuclei and other organelles that carry out a variety of tasks.

Components of all cells

PLASMA MEMBRANE

 also called the cell membrane

 is the membrane found in all cells that separates the interior of the cell from the outside
environment.

CYTOPLASM

 gel-like fluid inside the cell.

 It is the medium for chemical reaction.

 It provides a platform upon which other organelles can operate within the cell.

 All of the functions for cell expansion, growth and replication are carried out in the cytoplasm of a
cell.

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

 an organic chemical that contains genetic information and instructions for protein synthesis.

 It is found in most cells of every organism.

 DNA is a key part of reproduction in which genetic heredity occurs through the passing down of DNA
from parent or parents to offspring

THE NUCLEUS

 the membrane-enclosed organelle within a cell that contains the chromosomes.

 An array of holes, or pores, in the nuclear membrane allows for the selective passage of certain
molecules (such as proteins and nucleic acids) into and out of the nucleus.

 controls and regulates the activities of the cell (e.g., growth and metabolism) and carries the genes,
structures that contain the hereditary information.
THE NUCLEOLUS

 an organelle in the nucleus that plays a key role in the transcription and processing of ribosomal RNA
(rRNA)

 a spherical structure found in the cell's nucleus whose primary function is to produce and assemble
the cell's ribosomes.

 The nucleolus is also where ribosomal RNA genes are transcribed.

CHROMATIN

 mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes found in the cells of humans and other
higher organisms.

 Chromatin fibers are coiled and condensed to form chromosomes.

 Chromatin makes it possible for a number of cell processes to occur including DNA replication,
transcription, DNA repair, genetic recombination, and cell division.

NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

 keeps the contents of the nucleus, called the nucleoplasm, separate from the cytoplasm of the cell.

 The all-important genetic material, mainly the DNA is kept separate and relatively safe from the
chemical reactions taking place in the cytoplasm.

MITOCHONDRIA

 often referred to as the powerhouses of the cell.

 membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular) that generate most of the chemical
energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions.

 Chemical energy produced by the mitochondria is stored in a small molecule called adenosine
triphosphate (ATP).

CHLOROPLASTS AND OTHER PLASTIDS

CHLOROPLASTS

 an organelle within the cells of plants and certain algae that is the site of photosynthesis, which is
the process by which energy from the Sun is converted into chemical energy for growth.

PLASTIDS

 double-membrane organelles which are found in the cells of plants and algae.

 Plastids are responsible for manufacturing and storing of food.

 These often contain pigments that are used in photosynthesis and different types of pigments that
can change the color of the cell.
CYTOSKELETON

 a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization, and it also provides
mechanical support that enables cells to carry out essential functions like division and movement.

 There is no single cytoskeletal component.

CELL JUNCTION

 (or intercellular bridges) are a class of cellular structures consisting of multiprotein complexes that
provide contact or adhesion between neighboring cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix
in animals.