MICROBIOLOGY & PARASITOLOGY

Second Semester AY: 2022 – 2023

BS Nursing 1

JESSIE T. ORANO, RN, RM, MN, MMHA, MAN

Teacher

Assignment No. 2
(Lesson: Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells)

NAME: JOHN JASON CARBON ENMANUEL Course/Year & Section: BSN 1D

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

 Differential Eukaryotic from Prokaryotic Cells.

 Examine the categories of cells and be able to identify the similarities and
differences among them.
 Describe the individual organelle and its specific functions.

Task I. Read these passages from the text and answer the questions that follow.

Two Types of Cells

There is another basic cell structure that is present in many but not all living cells: the
nucleus. The
nucleusofacellisastructureinthecytoplasmthatissurroundedbyamembrane(thenuclearme
mbrane) and contains DNA. Based on whether they have a nucleus, there are two basic
types of cells: prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.

Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cells are cells without a nucleus. The DNA in prokaryotic cells is in the
cytoplasm rather than enclosed within a nuclear membrane. Prokaryotic cells are found
in single-celled organisms, such as bacteria. Organisms with prokaryotic cells are called
prokaryotes. They were the first type of organisms to evolve and are still the most
common organisms today.

Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic cells are cells that contain a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells are usually larger than
prokaryotic cells, and they are found mainly in multicellular organisms. Organisms with
eukaryotic cells are called eukaryotes, and they range from fungi to people. Eukaryotic
cells also contain other organelles besides the nucleus. An organelle is a structure
within the cytoplasm that performs a specific job in the cell. Organelles called
mitochondria, for example, provide energy to the cell, and organelles called vacuoles
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store substances in the cell. Organelles allow eukaryotic cells to carry out more
functions than prokaryotic cells can.

Viruses: Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes?

Viruses are tiny particles that may cause disease. Human diseases caused by viruses
include the common cold and flu. Do you think viruses are prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
The answer may surprise you. Viruses are not cells at all, so they are neither
prokaryotes nor eukaryotes. Viruses contain DNA but not much else. They lack the
other parts shared by all cells, including a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and
ribosomes. Therefore, viruses are not cells, but are they alive? All living things not only
have cells; they are also capable of reproduction. Viruses cannot reproduce by
themselves. Instead, they infect living hosts, and use the hosts’ cells to make copies of
their own DNA. For these reasons, most scientists do not consider viruses to be living
things.

BACTERIAL CELL ANIMAL CELL PLANT

CELL

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 ANIMAL CELL

ORGANELLE FUNCTION

NUCLEOLUS By assembling and digesting rRNA into preribosomal particles,

the nucleolus aids in ribosome biogenesis.

Both the genetic data bank and the control hub of the cell are
in the nucleus. Only the final phase of gene expression
NUCLEUS (translation), which takes place in the cytoplasm, is associated
with the cytoplasm. DNA replication, transcription, and RNA
processing all occur within the nucleus.
It serves as the cell's location for protein synthesis. The
messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence is read by the ribosome,
RIBOSOME which then converts the genetic code into a specific string of
amino acids that develop into extended chains and fold to
create proteins.

A tiny, liquid-filled sac created by a membrane. Substances are

VESICLE moved into or out of cells by vesicles. Drugs can be delivered
to bodily cells using vesicles created in a lab.

In general, the endoplasmic reticulum's job is to make proteins

ROUGH so that the remainder of the cell can operate. It can be smooth
ENDOPLASMIC or rough. Ribosomes, which are tiny, elongated organelles with
RETICULUM a round shape, are found on the rough endoplasmic reticulum
and are responsible for producing those proteins.
Proteins obtained from the ER are further processed and
GOLGI sorted in the Golgi apparatus, or Golgi complex, where they
APPARATUS are eventually transported to lysosomes, the plasma
membrane, or secretion.
Filaments and microtubules. The cytoskeleton is a framework
CYTOSKELETON that aids in maintaining the internal order and shape of cells. It
also offers mechanical support, allowing cells to perform critical
processes like division and mobility.
SMOOTH Numerous metabolic processes include the smooth
ENDOPLASMIC endoplasmic reticulum. It produces steroids, phospholipids like
RETICULUM those found in plasma membranes, and lipids. Smooth
endoplasmic reticulum is overproduced in cells that emit these
substances, such as cells in the testes, ovaries, and skin oil
glands.
Most of the chemical energy required to drive a cell's metabolic
operations is produced by mitochondria, which are membrane-
MITOCHONDRIA bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular). Adenosine
triphosphate, a tiny molecule, serves as a storage container for
the chemical energy generated by the mitochondria (ATP).
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 A membrane-bound cell organelle known as a vacuole. Animal
cells typically have tiny vacuoles that aid in the sequestration of
VACUOLE waste. Vacuoles in plant cells aid in preserving the equilibrium
of water. A single vacuole may occasionally occupy most of a
plant cell's inner volume.
The cytosol is the "soup" that all the organelles in eukaryotes
are housed in. Additionally, the cytoskeleton is housed there.
CYTOSOL The cytosol transports materials within the cell, aids in the
breakdown of waste products, and contains dissolved
nutrients. The cytoplasm and nucleus frequently flow together,
each affecting the other's shape.
The lysosome's main job is to degrade and reuse undesired or
outdated resources for the cell. Animal cells have lysosomes,
LYSOSOME which are tiny organelles bound by membranes. Low pH and
enzymes that may disassemble macromolecules into their
corresponding monomers are both present in lysosomes.
Animal cells’ cytoplasm contains a pair of barrel-shaped
organelles called centrioles that are close to the nuclear
CENTRIOLE envelope. The skeletal framework of the cell, the microtubules,
are organized by centrioles. They aid in pinpointing where the
cell’s nucleus and other organelles are located.

BACTERIAL CELL
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ORGANELLE FUNCTION
Prokaryotic cells have small, hair-like features called pili on their
PILUS surface. They can play a part in mobility, but more frequently they
are involved in adhesion to surfaces, which promotes infection and
is a crucial virulence trait.
Plasmids are essential for: Assisting in bacterial conjugation in
PLASMID bacterial cells. allow for the metabolism of food. Information should
be moved from one cell to another.
All cells, including bacteria, have the tiny "factories" known as
ribosomes. They convert the genetic code from nucleic acid, the
RIBOSOME molecular language, to amino acids, the building blocks of proteins.
All the tasks carried out by cells and other living things are done by
proteins.
The processes for cell development, metabolism, and replication
take place in the cytoplasm, or protoplasm, of bacterial cells. Water,
CYTOPLASM enzymes, nutrients, waste products, and gases make up its gel-like
matrix, which also houses ribosomes, chromosomes, and plasmids,
among other cell components.
The cytoplasmic membrane shields the cells inside parts. The
CYTOPLASMIC formation of a permeable barrier, which controls the movement of
MEMBRANE solutes between the cell and the external environment, is the
primary role of the cytoplasmic membrane in bacteria.
The bacterial cell wall serves several other purposes in addition to
CELL WALL giving the cell general strength. Additionally, it aids in preserving
the structure of the cell, which is crucial for its ability to develop,
reproduce, acquire nutrition, and migrate.
The capsule, an exterior coating of polysaccharides that protects
the cells of numerous distinct bacterial species, is one important
CAPSULE bacterial adaptation. Bacteria are shielded from poisonous
substances and desiccation by capsules, which also enable them to
attach to surfaces and evade the host's immune system.
The cytoplasmic region known as the nucleoid is chromatin-dense
NUCLEOID and houses the bacterial DNA, related proteins, and RNA that
regulate the activity and reproduction of the bacterium.
The protein is housed in helically structured structures called
FLAGELLUM bacterial flagella. The flagellum's principal job is in movement, but it
also frequently serves as a sensory organelle since it is sensitive to
chemicals and temperatures outside the cell.

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CONCEPT REVIEW QUESTIONS:

1. What do you think is the importance of learning the classifications of cells among
organisms?

Understanding the connections, parallels, and discrepancies between the

many types of organisms is beneficial. Frequently offers helpful details regarding
its evolutionary history and the animals to which it is connected. They are formed
of because although sharing the same habitat, various species might have very
diverse forms and structures. It makes it easier to identify creatures and
discusses the interactions between various species and it also facilitates
understanding of organism evolution. Understanding the relationships between
plants, animals, and other living things, as well as how they might serve humans,
is beneficial.

2. What are the contributions or roles of microorganisms in order to maintain

balance or homeostasis in the environment?

By breaking down corpses so that nutrients may keep being circulated,

microbes help an ecosystem stay in balance. This is because dead organic
waste from plants and animals is broken down by bacteria into simple
compounds. Other plants and animals also utilize these chemicals. As a result,
microbes can be employed to clean the environment and breakdown dangerous
and offensive compounds. Microbes are skilled at using a variety of substances
and processes as energy sources. In truth, most of the photosynthesis on Earth,
which takes carbon from the atmosphere and produces oxygen as a byproduct,
is carried out by bacteria. Plants are naturally protected from pests and illnesses
by the soil's microbes.

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