The Cells & its

Organelles

Prepared by:
Kristina Paula P. Dizon
Cells
• Most basic structure and
function of life

• Unit to which all chemical

processes in maintaining
homeostasis within an
organism depends

• Either prokaryotic or
eukaryotic
 Prokaryotic Cells
• Cells which lack a
distinct nuclei
• Cells that exhibit life but
has no complex sets of
organelles
Eukaryotic Cells
• Cells with distinct nuclei
and complex membrane-
bound organelles
FUNCTIONS OF CELLS
 Basic unit of life
 Protection and support
 Movement
 Communication
 Cell metabolism and energy release
 Inheritance
Parts of the cell:
1. Plasma membrane
2. Cytoplasm
3. Organelles: Peroxisomes
Nucleus Mitochodrion
Nucleolus Cytoskeleton
Ribosomes Cetrosome
Endoplasmic Centriole
reticulum <smooth, Celia
rough> Flagellla
Golgi apparatus Microvilli
Secretory vesicles
Lysosomes
1. The Plasma Membrane
 Outermost component of the cell

 Composed of phospholipids, CHON and

cholesterol

 Controls what enters and leaves the

cell
 Selectively permeable
2. Cytoplasm
 watery solutions of minerals, organic
molecules and organelles that is found
between the cell membrane and the
nucleus.

 Cytosol – jelly-like substance of the

cytoplasm
- Consists of water, CHON, CHO and
organic and inorganic salts and
enzymes
- Makes up 50-60% of cell volume
3. Organelles
a) Nucleus – large organelle usually at the center
- has the following structures:

 Nuclear membrane – double layered with

inner and outer layer

 Nuclear pores – through which

substances pass in & out of the nucleus

 Chromatin loosely coiled fibers which

contain DNA
3. Organelles…
b) Nucleolus – numbers at around 1 to 4 per nucleus.
It is a rounded, dense, well-defined nuclear body
with no membrane

c) Ribosomes – organelle which serve as the site of

CHON synthesis

d) Endoplasmic Reticulum – a series of membranes

forming sacs and tubules that extends from the
outer nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm.
 Rough – with ribosomes for CHON synthesis
 Smooth – makes hormones and lipids ;
regulates Ca release
3. Organelles…
e) Golgi apparatus –It collects, modifies, packages
and distributes CHON and lipids (“Packaging
Center of the cell”)

f) Secretory vesicles – responsible for exocytosis

g) Lysosomes – contain a variety of enzymes, w/c

serve as intracellular juices and beak down the
materials ingested by the cell.

h) Peroxisomes – containin enzymes which

breakdown fatty acids, amino acids and hydrogen
peroxide ; major site of oxygen utilization in the
cell
3. Organelles…
i) Mitochondrion – major site for ATP production;
has both inner and outer membrane; the inner
membrane consists of Cristae
 Cristae – folds within the mitochondrion
which increases its surface area, allowing
more processes to take place

j) Cytoskeleton – consists of CHON which supports

the cell, hold the organelles in place and enable
the cell to change shape.
3. Organelles…
k) Centrosome – a specialized zone of the cytoplasm
close to the nucleus that is the center for microtubule
formation

l) Centriole – During cell division, they facilitate the

movement of chromosomes towards the centrosomes

m) Cilia – hair-like / thread-like projections on the

surface of cells.

n) Flagella – for movement

o) Microvilli – increase the surface area of the cell.

 Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
Organelle Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Nucleus Absent Present
Nucleolus Absent Present
Endoplasmic Absent Present
Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus Absent Present
Mitochondria Absent Present
Lysosome Absent Present
Peroxisomes Absent Present
Cytoskeleton May be absent Present
Vacuole Present Present
Vesicle Present Present
Ribosome Present Present
 Structures Present only in
Plant Cells
• Cell Wall – composed of cellulose both for
protection and structure

• Chloroplasts – structure that allow plants to

capture the energy of the sun in energy-
rich molecules