CHE - 101

GENERAL CHEMISTRY
FIRST QUARTER | FIRST SEMESTER
WRITTEN BY: Kennice Joie Tebia
REVIEWED BY: Vaughn Ivan Ochoa
APPROVED BY: Yzabelle Rain Bancoro | Vice President for Academics

● John Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1808)

OUTLINE - elements are composed of
I. Atomic Structure extremely small particles called
● Structure of Atom atoms (atomos) (greek word -
● The Atomic Theory indivisible)
● Atomic Number & Mass Number - atom is the smallest unit of an
● Isotopes element
● Atomic Weight - accurate: the atoms of one
II. Molecules & Ions
element are different from the
● Ions
● Molecules atoms of all other elements
III. Compounds - inaccurate: all atoms of a given
● Ionic Compound element are identical, having the
○ Naming Ionic Compounds same size, mass, and chemical
● Covalent Compound properties.
○ Naming Covalent - compounds are composed of atoms
Compunds
of more than one element. in
any compound, the ratio of the
numbers of atoms of any two of
I. ATOMIC STRUCTURE the elements present is either an
● Atoms integer or a simple fraction
- atom is an electrically neutral, - atoms are neither created nor
spherical entity composed of a destroyed during a chemical
positively charged central nucleus change
surrounded by one or more - not all atoms are identical
negatively charged electrons→ the because of isotopes
atomic nucleus consists of protons ● Proton
and neutrons - Positively charged
- diameter is in order of 10-8 cm - Cannot be changed kasi magiiba na
- nucleus is roughly 10-13 cm in ng element
diameter ● Electron
- if neutral atom, same same yung - Negatively charged
proton & electron & no charge. - Stable subatomic particle
Kapag ion may charge ● Neutron
- proton determines the identity of - Have zero charge
an atom
 CHE - 101
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
FIRST QUARTER | FIRST SEMESTER
WRITTEN BY: Kennice Joie Tebia
REVIEWED BY: Vaughn Ivan Ochoa
APPROVED BY: Yzabelle Rain Bancoro | Vice President for Academics

II. Law of Definite/Constant

Neutron N= M (mass) – A (Atomic
Formula Composition
no./proton)
- no matter the source, a particular
compound is composed of the
same elements in the same parts
(fractions) by mass
- as long as same compound, same
lang din proportion (e.g pareho
silang may carbon & oxygen)
- chemical compunds are formed of
constant & defined ratios of
elements as determined by mass
- e.g if pure water contains 11.19%
of hydrogen & 88.81% of oxygen
by mass, it doesn’t matter kung
san galing yung water basta ung
composition niya yung
nagmamatter and fixed.
The Atomic Theory III. Law of Multiple Proportions
I. Law of Mass Conservation - if elements A and B react to form
- total mass of substances present two compounds, the different
does not change during a chemical masses of B that combine with a
reaction fixed mass of A can be expressed
- atoms are neither created nor as a ratio of small whole numbers
destroyed during a chemical
change
 CHE - 101
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
FIRST QUARTER | FIRST SEMESTER
WRITTEN BY: Kennice Joie Tebia
REVIEWED BY: Vaughn Ivan Ochoa
APPROVED BY: Yzabelle Rain Bancoro | Vice President for Academics

Atomic Number & Mass Number ● Isotope Examples:

Atomic Protons (6)

Number

Mass Proton + Neutron (12)

Number
II. IONS AND MOLECULES
● Ions
Neutron N= M (mass) – A (Atomic
Formula - is an atom, or a group of atoms,
no./proton) (6_
that has a net positive or negative
charge
- net charge (carries an electric
Isotopes charge)
- atoms of an element with the same A. Monoatomic Ion
number of protons but a different number ➔ One atom
of neutrons B. Polyatomic Ion
- have the same atomic number, but a ➔ more than one atom
different mass number ➔ Hydroxide ion,
- identity of element is considered by the cyanide ion,
number of protons Ammonium, nitrate
- kapag same no. of protons, belong parin
sa same element
- pag walang charge, neutral
● Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
- Uses radio isotopes to determine
the metabolic activity
For diagnostics
 CHE - 101
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
FIRST QUARTER | FIRST SEMESTER
WRITTEN BY: Kennice Joie Tebia
REVIEWED BY: Vaughn Ivan Ochoa
APPROVED BY: Yzabelle Rain Bancoro | Vice President for Academics

❖ Types of Ion Atomic Mass or Weight

1. Cation
➔ Positive charge
➔ Subtraction of
electron
➔ Neutral atom loses
one/more electrons
➔ More protons than
electrons
- is the weighted average of the masses of
the naturally occurring isotopes of a
particular element reported in atomic
mass units (amu)
● STEPS:

2. Anion
➔ Negative charge
➔ Addition of
electrons
➔ Neutral atom gains
one/more electrons
➔ More electrons than
protons
 CHE - 101
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
FIRST QUARTER | FIRST SEMESTER
WRITTEN BY: Kennice Joie Tebia
REVIEWED BY: Vaughn Ivan Ochoa
APPROVED BY: Yzabelle Rain Bancoro | Vice President for Academics

● More Example: Ionic Compound vs Covalent Compound

A. Ionic Compound
- Compounds formed when we
combined metal & a nonmetal
- Transfer of electrons
- Named part by part
● Metals: Cations
● Nonmetals: Anions
Naming Cations
● Main Group Cations
- Cations are usually written
first
- Has fixed charges (+1, +2,
+3)

III. COMPOUNDS
● Made up of 2/more elements
● Chemically combined & separated
● Chemical Formula
- Compounds are expressed through
chemical formula
- indicates:
1. Type of elements involved
in the compound
2. Number of atoms involved
in the compound
 CHE - 101
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
FIRST QUARTER | FIRST SEMESTER
WRITTEN BY: Kennice Joie Tebia
REVIEWED BY: Vaughn Ivan Ochoa
APPROVED BY: Yzabelle Rain Bancoro | Vice President for Academics

● Transitional Elements Naming Anions

- Has variable charges ● Monoatomic
- Example: Iron (Fe) has - Named by replacing the
charges 2+ and 3+ ending of the element
○ Systematic name by the suffix -ide
➔ Retain the name +
➔ roman numeral
[indicates its
charge]
○ Common Name
➔ (from the latin
➔ name)
➔ -ous. Smaller
charge
➔ -ic. Higher charge ● Polyatomic
- ions are usually negative in charge
except ammonium (NH4+)
- contains more than one atom.
- Name as they are stated in the
table
- E.g Example. Acetate —> Acetate
 CHE - 101
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
FIRST QUARTER | FIRST SEMESTER
WRITTEN BY: Kennice Joie Tebia
REVIEWED BY: Vaughn Ivan Ochoa
APPROVED BY: Yzabelle Rain Bancoro | Vice President for Academics

Naming Oxoanions 3. Combine as formula unit

- Negative charge anions which has 4. Use parenthesis for
oxygen in their chemical formula polyatomic ions
- Halogens has 4 possible 5. We need to simplify the
combinations terms outside the
- Nonmetals has 2 possible parenthesis
combinations ● Law of multiple proportions.
Write the smallest whole number
possible to express the ratio
between the two elements

Naming Ionic Compound & Writing

its Formula

B. Binary Covalent Compounds

- typically formed by the
combination of two non-metals.
- Some of these compounds are very
common and have trivial names,
eg., H2O is water.
- For a binary covalent compound,
the element with the lower group
number in the periodic table is
● Crisscross Method first in the name and formula. Its
STEPS: name remains
1. Write symbols and charge unchanged/retained
of the elements - The element that is second is
2. Criss-cross charges as named using the root with the
subscripts suffix –ide.
 CHE - 101
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
FIRST QUARTER | FIRST SEMESTER
WRITTEN BY: Kennice Joie Tebia
REVIEWED BY: Vaughn Ivan Ochoa
APPROVED BY: Yzabelle Rain Bancoro | Vice President for Academics

- Numerical prefixes indicate the hydrogen chloride

number of atoms of each element (HCl) dissolves in
present (the prefix “mono-” is water, it forms a
usually omitted). solution called
- Prefix + root + sufix -ide hydrochloric acid.
- No need to crisscross the Prefix hydro- +
charges anion nonmetal
root + suffix -ic +
the word acid -
hydro + chlor +
ic + acid =
hydrochloric acid
● Oxoacids
- Made of (H + polyatomic
ion)
- names are similar to those
of the oxoanions, except for
two suffix changes:
● -ate in the anion
becomes –ic in the
acid
● -ite in the anion
becomes –ous in
the acid
● E.g
1. BrO4- is
perbromate,
C. Naming Acids and HbrO4 is
- Always contain hydrogen in their perbromic
formula acid
● Binary Acids 2. IO2-is iodite,
- solutions form when certain and HIO2 is
gaseous compounds iodous acid
dissolve in water.
● E.g For example,
when gaseous
 CHE - 101
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
FIRST QUARTER | FIRST SEMESTER
WRITTEN BY: Kennice Joie Tebia
REVIEWED BY: Vaughn Ivan Ochoa
APPROVED BY: Yzabelle Rain Bancoro | Vice President for Academics

References:
● Module 2 PPT provided by our professor, Mr. Pancho Ercilla
● The Organic Chemistry on Youtube
● Some Solutions were answered by the writer, Kennice Joie
Tebia.