Lesson 1: Matter

• Chemistry tackles matter

Matter
- Is anything that takes space and has mass
- Mass and volume
— Human emotions and ideologies cannot be examined by science because it's not matter.
— Shadow is not matter
I. States of Matter
Solid Liquid Gas
a. Definite shape ✔ ✘ ✘
b. Volume ✔ ✔ ✘
c. Intermolecular arrangement Compact Far away Very far away

d. Energy →↑E
f. Density D↑←

g. compressibility ✘ ✘ ✔
• The more space in between, the more movement results to high energy.
• Cryogenic
- production and behavior of materials at very low temperatures
• LPG undergoes cryogenic processes where the gas is cooled down to extremely low temperatures to slow
down its molecular movement and make it more compact.
II. Properties of Matter
a. Intensive Property
- Independent to the amount of substance
Example:
→ Color
→ Boiling point
→ Melting point
→ Odor
b. Extensive Property
- Dependent to the amount of substance
Example:
→ Mass
→ Length
→ Volume
• Black formation around the yolk of the egg when overcooked is sulfur formation, which is poisonous.
III. Change in Matter
1. Physical change
- No formation of new substance
Changes can be :
a. Size and shape
b. Phase
— Phase change
S → L = Melting G → L = Condensation S → G = Sublimation
L → S = Solidification L → G = Vaporization G → S = Deposition
- Solidifies under low temperature → freezing
- Solidifies without the low temperature → crystalization
- Vaporize under boiling point → boiling
- Vaporize without high temperature → evaporation
2. Chemical Change
- Formation of new substance
- Cannot return to original form
Changes can be:
a. Formation of bubbles
b. Change in color, odor, and taste
c. Evolution of heat and evolution of gas
d. Precipitate
— Ionic solid products of a chemical reaction
— Solid formed
3. Nuclear change
- Change in nucleus of atom
a. Fusion reaction

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 a. Fusion reaction
– Combining of nucleus to heavier nucleus
– (H + H → He)
Example: Star Formation
b. Fission reaction
– Splitting of nucleus to lighter nucleus
Example: Nuclear bombs and Reactors
IV. Classification of Matter

Matter

Pure Substance Mixture

- Matter composed of only one kind of matter - Physical Combination of 2 or more pure substances

Element Compound Homogenous Heterogeneous

→ Simplest form of → Chemical → 1 phase → 2 or more phase of
matter combination of two the mixtures are
→ 118 known or more elements identifiable
elements
Solution
→ More man-made Chemical
→ Consist of a
elements than combination
solute and a
naturally occurring – Is the total Colloids Suspensions
solvent → "kolla" and → Particles settle
ones change in the
property of "oeides" meaning down upon
the element glue-like standing
respectively
Metals Non- Metal Metalloids 1. Tyndall Effect
→ conductors → insulators → Can be - From John
conductors and Tyndall
insulators in - Scattering of
different light
temperatures 2. Brownian motion
or movement
- Random zig-
zag motion
of colloids
3. Adsorption
Organic Compounds Inorganic Compounds - Mixture
→ With carbon → Without carbon attaches at
Considerations: the surface
→ Oxides of carbon
• CO2
→ Carbonates
→ Cyanides
• HCN (Hydrogen Cyanide)

Acid Neutral or Salt Base or Alkaline

→ pH 1 - 6.9 → pH 7 → pH 7.1 - 14

• 2 liquid solution, the higher amount is the solvent.

○ If equal amount, higher molar mass will be the solvent
• In thermodynamics, randomness can be measured

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