LESSON 1: MATTER & ITS PROPERTIES PURE SUBSTANCE MIXTURE

Matter - anything that has mass & volume - Fixed composition - 2 or more components
Ancient Greek Philosophers - first to speculate - Single component - Physically combined
the nature of matter ex: Oxygen, water, - Variable composition
mercury, carbon - Retains its chemical identity
> Aristotle: matter is continuous, all space filled dioxide ex: Cup of coffee, Air, bronze,
up with matter has no empty spaces. soft drink
> Democritus: Matter is made up of indivisible
particles. This paved the way in establishing that > Homogenous: cannot be seen
matter is made up particles instead of primal separately
material. > Heterogeneous: can easily be
> Anaximenes: Matter is made up of air through seen separately
rarefication/condensation (thinning/thickening)
> Heraclitus: Matter is composed of fire, the Element: pure substance composed of one type
basic material principle of an orderly universe. of atom.
> Thales: water is the primal material of matter. Compound: substances formed by 2 or more
Things are varying forms of one primary and types of elements
ultimate element ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS
> Empidocles: Materials are made up of 1 Oxygen Table salt
primal matter Iron nail Baking soda
> Leucippus & Democritus: referred matter as Copper wire Hydrogen peroxide
atom, "atomos" meaning indivisible.
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER:
Continuity of Matter: matter is not void 1. Mass: the amount of matter in an object
meaning its divisible and can be cut into pieces 2. Weight: gravitational force that acts on an
repeatedly. object. Greater force = heavier weight
3. Volume: amount of space occupied by matter
DISCONTINUITY OF MATTER = Liters (liquids) Cubic length (I3) solid
1. Matter is composed of discrete particles 4. Density: ratio between mass & volume
2. There is an empty space between particles of = kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3) or grams
matter per cubic centimeter (g/cm3)
3. particles of matter are in constant motion
4. There are forces that act between the Physical Properties: qualities readily
particles observed/measurable w/o changing the
matter’s composition
When particles of matter are heated > Melting point
- heat energy increases, kinetic energy increases > Boiling point
too > Freezing point
> Solubility: solute can dissolve in a solvent.
Varies depending on its composition

> Metallic properties: qualities observed in

metals
- conductivity: ability of a material to allow
heat/electrical charges pass easily
- malleability: ability to be flattened
- ductility: ability to be easily drawn into wires
Physical properties of matter may be How to know what separation method to use?
categorized into these 2 based on its
dependence on the amount of matter.

Extensive Properties: Depends on the amount

of matter in substance.
= size, mass, length, shape, volume

Intensive Properties: Does not depend on the

amount of matter in the substance
= color, smell. Temperature, boiling/melting
point.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
- characteristics that can only be seen when the
chemical identity of a material is altered.

>Biodegradability – capacity of a material to

decompose by the actions of microorganisms
> Combustion – chemical reaction between a
substance (fuel) & oxygen by heat and light to
form flame
> Combustibility – ability of a material to burn
> Flammability – ability of a combustible
material to catch flame easily.
Difference: ease & rate of how an object burns

>Reactivity: tendency of a substance to undergo

chemical reaction.
- fluorine: most reactive element
- noble gases: no to little reactivity