\ IN I I

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40
•
Th e Rul e of L
Pos t:c . a w In the
onfl 1ct: Pha se
. P e ace
Bui/d in g a S table

NEIL J KRITZ

_- hed n:arurc c•I w:a r 31 rhc end f ,

The di.inn n and rcconuh; u ' o n ',,,.r,.,,.
n ,·cnocth . _ o Inc d moda11o
lOm .
cc:nrury n:9uuc,, :a frc:.11 pcrspccci'l:c o mcsuc ad\'crsa ncs. who I \ '"
on I h c mcrh ods o ( manigi-ng - co- ..__::....
-nflict on t h e b u,"Id 3 dura bl e n:nion·~l union<>get
O ••• ""' 1
h - r ' n, r 1<i1,cn1
one h:ind and o f miking :ind m~n1ai njng r at assume~ ,ar grr:ucr ,mnn r-rt-.nc-c in ih,·
p~cc _on the o ther. Tod:iy, the o ,·crwhcl mi ng changed comcxt o f w.ir ,s the d eve luprw•n1•
m:11on cy of wars aro und the world arci n tra- o f the rule of \:aw. •

b le is essential at the outset 10 1stingutsh

na rional, rather than j ntern-;.cional. Wars
fough t benvcc n ch e militar y forces of lwo
~ vcrcign c~1;1-nrrics ire incrc:asingly th e ex-
cc ption ro -fhc uorrr1. In their stead, ethnic
:ind religiou s conflic ts, dispute s over sclf-
dc rermi narion or secessi on, .nd violent
power spugg ks bc",·cc n o pposing ~omcst ic
po lirical- faccio ns ,accoun t fo r 96 JX:rccnt of
rh e m:ijor armed conflic t!. recorded in recent
)'cars worldwi_dc. 1 ~fh1s sratistic has profound
1:1,nific:irions for die processes of conflic t
pr cvcntio n, conflic t ,csolu Ii,ln, and posccon -
l1 1l I pc:icc buildin ~. ·1,,nb :111 d 1cchni q11es
d
ctwcen the rule o f law ,md simply 1111, h)
l:i,~. Broad s:onccpt s hkc dcmocn cy .and the
rule o flaw can easil y be distorted Even 10
talitaria n regimes frequently use \;" l ' ,1
t~I in their a rscn:il of mechani sms fo,
social cw11 ro\. The N:i-iis clothed 0:1.h ,,i
their atrocitie s wit'h a veneer of lcg:ihry f hc
Soviet constirution of 19]6 reads likt a. \11-
~ ny of kgal entitlem ents, yet it served S1:1hn
well with it s wide loopholes for run1or111.r n/
During !IS r,nal wtrk!- 10 powc,, till' I , Ill
( c:s1 u 1cg1111r in Homani, invo\.., ti 1\1, '·"'
even while lol\1n)!_ 11s c1112ens Tl1 ·· , '
1

111.11 nu\ he :tpJ' r<'Jll 1:11c (nr ll:solvinr, "rb, each r:x:1111plcs of rnlc by \;t,v, ·111 '' h,, I, ·""
t ' ,.

. I q,lll :h·tors a~oft cn

1, .al ~ \I ~r, licL\r.~P ~t:nu1cs . ,ind rq!;\1 I:i111)ns :,re m.1111p11 1. ' .
1 I .. lt-q11 ll C !t•r .II. '11 ( \ 'lll)'. 1
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T 1tc: Rw f v , LAw , N n·,1: Pon c<lNf'LtCT

rite cou u
s r2k c ~nd ~ role 1n ,lc1r, ,, irun ~
cry 'i dirc-c1i o u .

Jic t.lb fllt y

Tr'o'ln t p :.,-c n c y .1 n d Prc
1 1, .-n~ p.a1 c,,l y
le ,.s :acccp1 e.J :,n, f f' tUVCn th ..
udv·r,'n l'ic ,
~nd p rcd ic ubi J11 y ur :ac tu:m by r-nn •
intcu1-:.tuoH1I
rcduc~ clu: l1kd il11.l ()fi o f
dc ncr l~rnlJrng • •
flic t. l•J n·c c,u , 1c u <, ... o uti Co nt,·oll lng~ th e ou .." h
"-' U t..r-, u;.y
m t aa.t• fc:-s h ;wr bt•c n 111
uiw1cJ co ,c:Jucc
1p l ,1•1w
,om,, Uu J c:1 tlu: sr Eve n wl1 cn, rlu: 1clr,,1u.1o~h
rcnc.io11s iu :1 ""ric-1y of rcg in1,:., 11 fI
· I · r r.u r.rlu r~
- (
on 'f rh·u mig lt, .JW 111U i J v n1·•
arr ~ng l,n r11C!\, ccrr;ii n Jt:U
I t fU C O Ulf lt t11't 1c,
'
11,1c:1 ,s rc u wn,,..ccl
-
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:au CUh
(rro op ,no vt: mc uu cou. ,
:agfurc: 1h c orh c , p31ry
·o
foe , ,• fa I I gn
c) c;u 1 only be :tiSSISC~nc r 1cn d m ir y c_;,c ll"ltvcly 011
o r miss,lc l<"sri11g. (;,r lost Jnc
•
L
ibt,_I pro ccJ mc s 11 1c lcgtSbo ,rr f'h t!..C nny be:
111c co un s inti
uk cn :u:cording ro prcsc-r h . ,e'ci...., 1ogy
,ed uce 1 c pn m;u y 111s titu1iou s• bu, .....
1lifl rc- r om mu u1r :1u on :auJ
~
rh:H f.1,· a.s ~ic c-y bcc om ....
"-> mo ,~ corn•
.L
adv 2nccs :and
suspicion •
,Jd r d
Tr.adi11on2Jly , J,p lom , cs
211d tho se in· plcx, l"Hlo:u, ncn 1> >re •hi e 10 • CS5 ~ C'
e, wi1 h ,.h, ch
n and conllicc er ~, ng propurtion of rhe issu
vol ved i n con /lie r rcsolu rin 1ivc bod,c;
s po·i nci plc pn · ~ov crn mc nts mu s, da l. Le gi,h
prc •·cn rio n h :..-c ,pp lic d ch, h bro:,d brw,I,.
sr~ICS f\5 con -. can gc-n cnUy o n1) f12in! wit
m2nl_,. ro cn nn ii:ts l~twcc:n c ·, tht d(
sing ly i nrr>n>· srrok<"~, 1c-:1xing u,orc :md mcu 0
fliers h:i•·e l:>e.:omc incrc-a ent aiio n, tn be
ple- is equ ally t~ils, :as well ,. rhc unp lcm
rio nol. h o wc ,·c-r. rhc princi iH bu« ·•ucr1C\
iU be inm.,,.s«! r ro,·idc d br Iloe •Jm mi su 31
,.2Jid C O'l lid enc c and 1rusr·w ·
ion, s.urprisc , o( 1hc mo dem s1a1e.
-2 nd rhe po rcn mJ for suspic r:agc wi un
c11 pa nics :uc In m2 nf cou ncn cs, 1hc avc
2nd ten sio n rcd uc cd -wh will nios1 freque ntl y expe rience the
prese nce
ric s HI thr
req uired ro cu ml u, 1 thc ir :ic mri (2nd "~U 1 t·
gov ern · or 2bscncc of 1hc n,lc of bw
ope n . Th e rule oi law req uires tha1 ly feel less or mo re 2licna1cd ftom
o( tr:insp:i.rc ncy co rding
rncnrs ad he re co pn nci ple s the sys reon) not tl11ough
any in1cr1 mo n
ish es sev era l
2nd prc d1cr:1b1l1~·. wJ i1 est abl wi [h the lcgisbtivc or judici2I
proc:~~. not
s i~ s,, . Th ese
mc chJ nis m 5 10 en:<urc 1h:ir rlu t hro ug h :iny inv olv em ent in
bro2d coml)tu
law s be :idoprcd
inc lud e rcq uircnicnls ,h~ r 1ional qucsriom, Lui through cnc
o11 n1c rs
r/rrou gh an op en Jnd publi
c p rocess by :i olvong :i
wi th 1hc aJmini~1r21i"c s1a1 c. Rcs
bnJ_r, :ill rcgubtions be 1;ub·
rcp rcsc111:i1 ive problc111 ";1h their social ~ccuri1
y lxn cfo s.
icrively.'g_ov·
lishc<I, no ru in Lt: 2pplicd rcrro: obc:iining 3 license 1n f,sh and sup
pan 1hci1
d1 t:i1 3(fairs
crnmcnr :1,gcncics condu c1 fami ly, ge11ing 3 per mit to build 2 hou
se or 3
an 1.>rJ,nL: ro rre scnlxd rules, :in
d rlie wliok ry, obn , n·
church or register :1 politi ol par 111
ws rc 111 he :-ubict r ro jud
ici:d scn ir iny w nf, car iun an d fundin g for
ing s1:1cc ccr
rules As
.;1su, ,· ro rn pl1 .1m <" w ith rhc sc
111 n- A usr r1:in
crhn1( l:111y,11a~ c scho~~l- ihc•c ~IC 1hr
·t
snr t!•
11coplr 1Ul1J LOil
,, 1i1 u/;, 1c. l lir rhr 1o nscrv. ,.
o ( cv r11ts 1I1:11 ul'lllf.; mo , 1
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ye k.
, 1111111111,1 F11 cd nch V1111 l l:1 d I ' 1' 1 ' ,.
l,h" l \\'II Il I1lC ~t.l l C, ,ln
. If 1-,, .,I 111•·<' \,r :\111:h
,,111,l• .dil· 111 the pu1 \·1C \\' o I t r l:-, ·
1\,,r/1111"
..... ..... 11,l,r, 1111•1e , lc-.11/i
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r,,,11 111 , 11« · 11•u11111 1111111 Jl,, .,c
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rl11 r ,11111.1 • 11 •II
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l ' •' I

596 - - - -- - -- -- - - - - -- - -- - --
mrnuo:a . I Th< sc,..,nty of ,rcatmcrH ,hen fol·
d h•s insist
1 dingly The D ,y,o n •ccor • con·
Jowi :accor , I
eludi ng tire w u in the former ) ugo• ••••
more or less •dopt thi, • ppro,ch. lu_the lirar
C--Jtegory. 1hc warring par11es co mmu them ·
selves ro pru\'llling full coopcna ll~n •n_d
assist~ncc co the intc-m 3tional cnn11n3I lrl
l,un:a.l cst:tblishcd 10 prosec111c those on c-~cl,
srde o r the conOic t who p crpe1nte<l the
most heinou.s orfenscs (th• t is, genocide,
,~r crimes, and crnncs ag:oi nst hum:oni ry).
The 2ccords also prohibit any individuals
rnd,ctcd by the rribun2l fro m holding public
office. I n the second ri cr o r culpabiliry, ,hc
2gue mcnt charlClerizcs as • confidence-
building me:asurc the obliga1ion 10 immcdi·
a1clr u nde, 1'1kc "the prosecution, dismissal ,
or r:nnsfer, :is • ppropri:uc, o f persons in mil-
rta.ry, par.un ilitary·, and police forces_, and
other p ublic scrv2nrs respon sible for se rious
viobrions of t11<, tn~i,·- rig ht~ of persons be·_
longi ng to ethnic or mino riry group's.- 19
Fin:illy, all rcruming refu~ccs and displaced
person s cha rged with an~- c,;imc rcbtcd to
the conflict · ot11a Ulan :1 serious viou .tion of
inicm ation:al humanitarian U\\ • ::a.re guann-
1ecd amnesry for their o ffcnses.20 While 1be
early poHw ir period h:is exh ibited some of
rhc ch :ilkngcs o f impleme nting these provi-
sions, the b:a.sic fr-Arncwork is sound.
The R,.,,,nd2n .:2sc dcmons1r.ues the:
ncc-d for pr3V112t.ism 10 temper :in 2bsolutis1
app roac h to proscC\ltion. l n Rwanda ai,d
neigh boring Buru ndi, cycles o f violence and
rnu ntc n ;okncc rcsuhc:d jn the killing of
bcpvccn 300,000 and 600,000 people before
199 4. For d vcades, elit es mancul'ering for
'
pnwc r 111ani.pula tcd ethnic rivalries bctwern
I lu111 majo riri cs and T u tsi mino ri ties for
po li1ic :1 l e nd s, witltou r :tny rear of b eing
c :1llt"d to account for 11":, r a, 1ions.Tlm cul ·
11 u 11~ 1cd in 199 4 i11 one uf t h ~ mosr horrifi c
1:rn 11,· 1d a l m :1~,arrc ~ 111 re cen t memory, a:,
~00,l h)() ' " 1.000.000 °1"11t $1, :rncl rnnclc rJt,
I 111 111 , " t'l c l>ru LIII I' ·d .111g l111·1 n l on ju sr
t, Ill I t \ \' 11 \ \ ' l' ( -- k <;
N EI~ I. l(RIT7
. I f violcn«, I h e
T o brc2k 1h1s eye e O • • cd-
new Rwoh chn govcrnme n1 . I cc the
co " cctlv--th•t it is necessary t~ rep• f
1
r ·
cr,Jemic culture o 11npunity
w11h 2 sense O
·
. h is m2ny scn101
~ccountal,iJ',ry. To •c h ,eve 1 • . . d
members o f the new governm ent ins1s tc
th roughout their firs t yc:tr ·,n office t h :it .
every person who p a1t .K1p2tc . d '1n thc2troc1·
.
u. c.s shoul d be p rosecutcu .r • nd pun ished.
Thi, ;ipproach , h owever, would put m o re
th:m 100,000 Rwanda n~ i n the dock, 3
si rua tion 1h• 1 would be wholly unman age -
able and would cerr•in ly d cs12bi\i2e the
tr.lnsition. As o f Apri l 1996, roughly Z0.00 0
Rw;1nd2ns ~rood ace.used of involvem en r i11
rh~genocide :rnd were cro,~dcd i~to ~riso n s
b u i(c to 11:>usc a small Crac11on ol tha\ n um ·
be'- To compound the problem, rh e c r_i mi -
n:al justice system o f Rwanda was d eci m ated
· du ring the genocide , with most l:iwycr s a nd
j udges either killed , in exile , or in prison. At
the time of ~his wri ting, not on e pe rson has
yet been brought to trial. lt is clear th at the
a.bscncc of a functiQning :ind fair leg~i.l sys-
tem 10 process these cases has mc.:in t fru s ·
t r.tion and calls for justice or revenge o n the
p art of rhe vic tims . lt has also mea n t un -
ccn:ainry :ind fear o n the pa rt o f nc.:i rly two
million Huru rcfogccs, deterring them from
returning m their CO\lntry. Pc:acc an d re c o n ·
ciliation in Rwanda will o nly b e achievab le
chrough 3 creative approac h that rec k o n ~
with the genocide: and es tablish es ::1c co u nt-
ability while factoring i n the s t:1g.ge ri n g ly
large number o f porem1a l ca se s a nd th e
<>vcrwhelmingly small n~ m \xc o f av:ii\abk
personnel lo pcoccss th cm.21
W i th rare exceptio n s, it is arF;\•ab le tha t
c apiral punish men t s h ould not be available
111 rhcsc tra n sitional t ri:ils. Give n th e 1,·1gh
e mo tion and politic il p1rss11rc~ 11 1hc: 1c nt in
rhesc tri:ils, t he d carh pc nalt) m.1y f11 11 lwr
a f'.!-:nvaic tc n ~ion s tlo c SOCIC I ) f:h,:· 111 r h,:
11n11wd1a1, po;t~on f11 c t ph.1"· .
ln G corg13, th e two yc:.11 <.1\II w, 11 wh 1, \i
hq.:.:i " 111 1<>'}2 Ill lhc· · ,·er• ', 1n n 1 . 1 ti 11 n, u ,.. ,f
 - N lc ll J Kl llT Z

- --
59 8 - - - - co un ci ng o f
n g 2n ho nc s c -;ac
:u u s n1 p ct n11 cci co nH u -
H i st .o r ic .at n ec
o rtJ f
< te rr ib le de ed s."14 A t th e w "r 's
E st .a bl is hi n g ;1
th es c'l . bu t i1
11 ur.1 u.a · t t} 92 . rite ju di c 13cy w,:as ,nt:a
io n; al rc ru wl ;a(tc , :.1n a;.ifin i u
as po li ti•
hi gh ly
e 1n ns .c rceiv<:tl ;a
In ,h
rao na l co nO ic r.
hi st or y ts :alwo1ys co nt ru vc
r
w~ , :1ce>1u1cly pcctl 11ornndef>" n dc n1
e nt ity.
fo nd cr s, •·i7.c d, u, r I up•. ~o
!:: Ad , si dr w i ll s llll lu vr II~ ,le l,1 w in g. ,n e ap 2b le o
f or
so ol ( w h ,e h ,1 os " w ol of ,h e rig of
w ho w ill de ny 1h:u t h e • b11sc,s c, dr u s th e J, ff ,c uh is su es
1J 11u they uu w ,ll i ng 10 ,d
p fo .-c·, wolf cl•11n o r eg re gi ou s
ac cu se d ever 10 0k d by ot he rs , U I w ill .1 1c cn u 1te2hilu-y for w
~r cn n, cs
jcc u vc:
rt, c t rJ l< ri gh1 s in an ob
....., ,e ac no:uly rc by ex ig en o on s or hu nn .n
we.-., J' •s tif ,,. J v1 ol a t1
su gg es t 1ha1 t '"'¥
ns c o f ju s1 ic c
tc ,I, th es e c o1n- nn c r. I IO \v. ch cn . co11ld :;a 5c
eh un ro nc cs , na ot ho ut 2
ci rc un ,s ra nc cs . L &h e ut ,v or dc , d ac cu un ub ilo ry be ac hi ev ed w lu -
c :an
pc -r in g c l.:u nu ,n
2y u nd c 1r11tn
ey rn oy e ju d ic i2 ry ? /\ m aj or pa n o r th e so
p< • ~c bu il di ng ; 1J1 c re di bl
c· m cm hc r Uooitc
d N211ons
:1ncl th e efTori •r re: H I)' ,n ni cr cc l tj un w: 1s 1h c 1h rc
sh cJ by
1he i nj ury al c T r0 <h . e s1 :ib l1
:al so :.d d insulo tu ed s o f re · m is s io1 1 on rh
de e pl y i.o w ,n g se C om n 1h e w:ir ·
on th e vi c ti m s. in nr ,Y , ou nd 1h e pe :a cc 2g ,c cm en1s b< :tw cc
s c: n, m cn c ,v h i,·
h C"'2.n rc ~u h :i
•
•n w ar dc m o n sr r.11ed ri ng pa r< i< :s .25 ,o m issib n-
l3 os m no t" co ur t, t he co
of v, ol cn cc . T he nd re se nr m en t A lt ho ug h i:a1cd
o f h i>1orv :a ch at ha ve h~ en cr
u11resolvcd is su es li ke si m ila r cn ci ri cs
~ S-c vc n cc:;1ru ri c~ lc g2 cy o r 2b us cs
d; ui ng ba ck so n1 co th e i n sc vc .-. ..1 co on cr ic s fa ci ng 2 rt ed
s :a co ns eq ue n ce, on 2d di ri on as s sc ak - inv c:. s1 iga1 cd an d re po
A n. es n. bl is h- on 2 m ed by bo th
fo -, H on in di "i
d u :d pc rr c1 r. 1o t ·w = th at h2 d be en ,o m m in
ra ll ~c cu u no ng o f
th e p:i.s on
a.r, gi ,, o g bo
th vict im s
of fi ci :u o ve ri ng th e w:
.rng :in :i su cc ess- si de s du 10 m :a kc
of te n in im po rt,1111 cl c: m cn1 h) d p< -rp c1 r:a 1o rs 2n op po rc un ir y
os o f n:ition:al 2n c, al reco rd .
. ful tr .a ns ic io n. pr
ov id in g :i sc ru .c r re st im o n) ' p: an o r t h e o fli
c:uh an is . Fa ir ly
co n· 1h et nc ili a
re ck on i n g, :a nd te ns io n bc ,1 w cc n ju sr icc :m d re co
ju s1icc, - to cs1: ib - The ss ib ili ry
rc :<l cr in 1i ;o l rr i:i ls :ir e on e w :,~ on th e on e ha nd an d th e im po
di ..: ; t..i on ts
rs an d fi gu re s o f p:a,.r ab us es g ei th er in t he S a.l va d or :r n co ur
l1 s h r he f: ic io n· is o f ob ra in in m is si on
n n: u io n o f 3 · 1r u1 h co m m is s e ot he r · co nf ro nr l cd ) rh c C o m
rh c fo c:an co m· on th qu es ti on is
he r. W hi le rh c 1w u pr oc c, ;,c s i rh a se ri ou s di le m m a. T h e i
an or w
o rh cr , :i rr u rh co
m m is si on
r rh e gu ilt y sh ou ld be pu ni sh ec
pk 11 1c nr c3 ch n o , w he t he rt
e m o re us .- fu l fo r he al in g :a nd 1h cr j us ti ce c2 n be do ne . Pu bl
rn :iy be :aJJ rh cd bu r ,v h c si bk (o r
n i f rh c , o u n try is nOI c<ju i pp lic y dc nu nd s 1h 21 1h os e rc sp o n
rc .:o nc11.i:a1 io g- m o r:a ni sh ed .
r fa ir an d cr ed ib le t r i:,1s . l..on cr im es de sc r ib ed h e;e b e pu
10 co nd uc :u n- th e sy st em fo r
n ci li: ir io n re c1 uircs a C3 re fu l cx o w ev e r, E l Sa .lv ad or ha s n o
1c:rrn rc co ci - H c h m ee ts
rh c m i., 1h :u w ill bc sr fi t rh c so c :a dm in is t ra c io n o f ju s1 i ce w hi
in :u io n o ( ch ob jc c1 iv 1t y
e m in im um re qu ir em en ts o r
<'1y ,n qu cs ri on rh c an be rc n ·
Jo r, th e rw cl vc -v c: u c ivil w ~r a nd im p, rr i:a lir y so th:ar ju sl ic e
In £ 1 Sa lv :, l} ~O 16
cr nm cn r a nd rh c F2 r2 bu ed rd ia bl y. "
bc rw cc n rh c p, ov d er is si un fc h
t" r:i rio n Fr o n l (F M L N ) A s :1 lo ns cq uc nc c , th e co m m
I, ib
/\1 :tr n N :u io na l . "A f- rh e pc :a cc nd er c cr 1a in 1u dg rn en
t~ 111 ,t~
p t·o p k cl c:a d ob li ge d 10 re h ,v r
l,·f1 so m e 75 .0 00 c ha rg e s :in d rr d1 :11 wo11 ld otl1<: rw i ~c-
:tl . rh c 19 9 ] rc po
11q~o11:11ion, :u
lv "n u. ._ ,a ry n (T iu ·
11 1~ ru l :1 11 oc 11 ics co m · en lc h 10 rh c Sa lv 3d c, r: in ju J,
1t·l. 11 be i11cl cp c1 1d n, t
, 11• 1111.:rd, :11!'.•·~ c d 10 be co m e n1 o l :i nc- w ~n d
,, d d d, rc :u cn ap po in 1r nr
11 1111t·d by ,.,._ I, ~,c ·
.. fu l rC '\o lu ri uu C ou rt . w l11c h .. ~~1 11111: J
nf f, c, · 111
u J)i('" : m .- ,n , t.,
• , •h ~t .11 J<', i., .n ,· ,1 St11'11 ,r t :'\n c ~rc1
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l.01 - -- - - - - - - - Nll l I l(p.1Tl

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m> tion •I CJll>Cfl tnce
bw stott,hH th; (3) be more likely may con uib mc less to • clun,b lc
10 lnv c 1hc l"", cc • nd
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urces •I
11s clispl,ul, (4) fun u,01 A UN Com mis sio n ol F.x pcm th
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2s f11 net 1on 111 ~n 1he bu1 s of at p<c •
ind qic n· ced ed cr<eouio n of the Rw and •
tlcncc ~ni.l imr •fli >hly n1hc1 th• mo un. i ac·
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forccm cnt of in1cm,1ion1\ ct1m to ind ivid ual
iru l notms; case s and tha t rcsu lrin g decisio
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many of the of grc aic t and mo re 1m me d',:ue
wo r.;1 pcr pcrrarors who wer e n sym bol i,:
o longer in force , bco usc verdicts wo uld be
1hc counrry . rcll dcr cJ by
cou rts familiar to the loc al com .
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1hc scc on1l cho i,c. Eve n m c ':Cit lc~ '~'" crim e~,
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;nm for dn.ft ing a constirurion is expecte d
10 bsi rwo ve-:us and has b<cn prod:.u mcd
·lh,sronc process o f ;; n uni ng rogc 1her
of Eriuc-,n> for 2 cre:iri\'c n2riona J ,li~-
H >a~ · lO The C o n.SUrution::a.l Comm1ss-1on
rn<lrrdcs ~ vuiecy of rdigiOU5, eth nic. and
•q~1onil constt rucnc ies. Offic.-s werc ,-s13 b -
l1shcd in li\'C: f C'glOns of 1hc co qnr rJ·, :i n
:1dd,11o n1' ollice is respans1bl< for invo h·
111g the cs11m:ace d 7 50,000 Eri rrc2ns livi,ng
.Jbr,.uJ m 1hc process. Th, Cons1iru 11o n:il
Comnu ss,nn 1s p u rsui ng a s rr:11c~ y ~w hich
,m,,lves d ie w1des1 po~~iblc public consu lc:1-
1101 • s tr.11cgr "·hrch c~ch<""( rh,· rop·
J,,", lppro.,c h -H O1scuss 1011s wcr,.: 111i11 ·
·''"' 1hro11~h .111 c.\ lcns, .., sc11c, ,,f ci,•K
,, 1 n1c,n ..;cnun. n,. ,lcb.1h.'.'-. J:,,J in,, ·11 :tlh!
· ,11.,_:..c nicc11n gs rt-:1,h1ng ,.-.c, H}(l,O()() ~x:" ·
1
1'1•1• 1 '
11 1111
••· "'1 1-l Jl<'r:.. rrln,,, ,.,,.
~"° arc .a.II u.cJ 10 ta, ,\,ulc rubI,- c ~·
uun ,.,.J J"i~c . \ ..Acubu on of b:mc pnn
•
C
npln and of > Jnft ... -.m u,tunon \Vdl be
wti,«"t 10 fu rlhd puhl..:: dd>atc a nd i nput Cl
In C amb.><11 •. JJthour.h no r ..._.. " 11iw't<1!
by th< n nw w t<k ,. •k rubhc consul tioon.
the d r•hrn~ •nd • dor•onn nf • new consn·
rurlun after 1hr l'n» ( \o-• cc AccorJ • abo en·
•
C
u,k d I p«><ru uf n• •,o,ul ,lul ~c. ,.,,,h
,.,,:1 b c110tu .11 ,lur,ntt rh< d1st t1but10n of
Po""'' .a nd t1~h1t w >th11, C a mt-o.l ta n SOCI
cry C <>n<ll ntllon m~k.,ng ,n !:-ourh Afnc•
pmvuks a hu thc, or.•m r k of the u.cfulnc ss
o f rh,s ~prr o ach ()1111 ng one K.SS 1t'n ,n t he
spnng o f l 99~. for ,nsunc e . rhe Const, ·
ruciorul t\ sse ml>ly we nt hours Jcltbcn nng
o,,;_, p,ov,sio ns in the ne w rlr:ift constiru non
~-onccrn ing the sc,;u11C)' rorc cs in 1he new
South :\ fri,-2 . h:udl~· 1 m, nor o r noncon rro•
,-crsi::1J top ic for o ppone nts eme rging from
v~rs of conflic:1 :\ nr icry of sc n-.i ri,: i.ssucs
-s,),._-h 1 < e ~c o..,· powers :,mi rbcir frm
its. rhc :iu thmi.uno n o f soldiers 10 ~~­
orJcrs t h :u ,, ob tc 1111cm1 cion :il b w. i nd
civili:an contwl o f 1hc S<.:urity forccs- -wcrc
:iJI rcspc,: n.ull~· J,s,:u s..~ .md Jeb.1rcJ b)
former cne mics now in P:u-li:un cnt. n nging
from P:an-Af r K:anist Congn- ss members o n
one cnJ o f 1h c poli tic:a l spectru m to rhose
of the F reedo m Front un the o ther. Sc,..c r.>.l
p:inicip:anrs sul>,,cqu cntlf :1cknowtcdgc.11rutl
:is l,11lc .1s 3 ~<":u c-:ar licr. such :i diso .1$s10 1t
wuuld h:ivc t>«n inco nccw:ab\c.~ In the C'Q n ·
tat of th e lf'lmiti on. h owever, the lengthy
Consrirurional A.= mhlr process is pro,...dmg
30 impon: 1 01 3\•e n uc for r rm O\nly ,, olc n t
:id,,crsa r-ics ncgo ci:itc :md c.-.lhbo ntc 111
10
constru cti ng c:ich piece o f-;hcir new o rd c r
Ocvclo p m g a ,·,) ns1i ru11on throug h 1h1s
proccs~ of 11:11io nal dialogu e :1lso has cc rtj m
lim11:11 inn, It 1s fu less c flic,cm 1han t he
commo n 111cdmJ . m which the terms ot
rh,s 1111, 1.il ,.,, i l l i- umpac t .1rr d c rnmmc d
liy J ~m:111 ~'""i' hchind rcl.11,n·lv d,,s •,I
J ,)(ir, .1 11.! hJnd,·d .l,,wn 1,, rhc· pcopic 1,1..,·
311, I
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or cs cb lis h, ng th e "w • ,
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prcsc11111'g ,,... ~s pa ,
I pee.mg rla1m .s 1'0 •
:ab us = br "1 f» <t lCS, u1 •.1 t'.<1\c • \flI1f' 4Ic.p-.-r I
r.il
he lp l•>l 1hc l,l s,s fu r a g to u ps rc1urr1l 1ttr '"I
of :a p ro ce ss ilu1 "wilt I>
~ th iu y r,v - Jll tc
:a n.I cl,~1 "wih ch m i· l I 1C co un 1r y OV t:t P<•u:..I
rc :ic cf ul ,·ocx m cn cc " C ~· . ,
h osc d"ispl> ced du n ng the gc n nc ,dc Hu n,
li:Hlon or revenge as :a
ru 1c ;all fo rms of rcc:a.
I
an d las1in g p occ."28
cfu 199-l. .tn tl. b.,fo~ Ion
r . gcc.s who lcf1 m
pr cr cq ui si cc for :, l1r m bo il, R nJ > >rul tl>r
g.
rccurnmg dc12inec:s. In wa
r e ru le 0 f IJ.w rcqum:..\
,o rm er Yugo•shv,•2, th ·
R e5 tit u tio n, an d lc rc.st1rut1on or co mrr- w•n.-- 110 n . w1HC 1,
C om pe n. $: ni on , cq u,t:ab
th e co ns iru cu on of •
R eh ab ili a ti on uc :also = n ti al fo r
the s,tu,t,on
pc rs pc Cliv c of the : ru le of du nb lc ~ cc . D ep en ding on
Fi n; ulJ, fro m th~ rcrurn a£ ~
1h p: ist :ib us c:s m us t fo cu s co m ~n s:u io n m:iy nn gc from
bw, 2 recko ni ng wi so on th e: rr y_or ed uc ation:,\ bc nc fn 10
s pennons
rp e tra to rs , bu t :tl pr o~ £or
no c on ly on rh c pe pe tin g dc - r su rv iv or s of 1hosc lulled 01 funds
in g rh c co m fo
vi ct im s. N or -,~1h ,ta nd :a.lw ays m in ority gr ou p culru1'211et1 1
vi ic ~i•
so ur ce s, w hi ch is
m :in d s fo r !u ni te d re uc:s of
:on :u pn -r of th e w
ar - co r n ec on om y, iss
im s
rc:h; ib il, ta tio n of vi ct ON -M i-KtN C
co_m pc ns at io n an d ns fo r TH E C O NS TI TV TI
tc:d in to m os t pb
sh ou ld be i nco rp on tio n
PR OC ESS

po scco nO ic t rc co ns
rr uc 11011 . C om pc :n sa
In m an y co u n\11cs 111 IIJ l\~ ltl
Ol l c1v1I r,om
c pr oc es s
fu nc rio ns i n tl1 go v_cr nm cn t, on e of
the f,m
sc r\' es a t le as t rh rc e th e w ar to a ne w
tio 11. F im , it he lps s is dr af un g a ne w co
nstitu·
of n2 t io n2 I reco11ci lu o[ 1m p0 rta nt ta sk
ch e m at cn 31 as pc cc co ns tit ut io n 1s, uf co
u1 sc, th t
vi c ci m s t<> m J nJ gc ia l 11011 . T he
fic
11 co ns urur cs an of al le ga l do cu m en t fro
m which
rh ei r lo ss . Se co nd , ch c fo un da 11 on
of 1h ci r pa in by e n:11ion:1I sys1cm 11f
rules will de
a ck no w le dg m en t l th e en tir
f~crli 1a tc rh c so ci e ta for th e rule of hw.
na 1i on Bo 1h of th es e
riv e; it is th e co rn e rsto ne
lo ng en ·
rn 1c gr a1 io n of pe op le who m ay have In ad dt nn n, i ns of ar JS th ( cons11n11ion
n: e
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.::o n m1i11cd in C :a1 .1 sub~ n n11l
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t l..lt1tl.aul, u-, f"Vl11VjU):
or the p>st l11 pomp,11hc1d ~0111h /\Irie>, 1h11 hr Ip .1d,l1r n ,1.,.~,. 'l""'h•' ,.''"• ii H~fc h ~•
1 y.ruwmi ,uw.crm ,,_ th;a1 1r lr1\I (r,t ,hr mr,.,
d1ugrai:111<11t• >I the end ol 19 )~ ,cg-.idinr,
,mncs ty f<pnrlnlly 1h1C1ttcn<d the 11ob,liri• ltcuu,u, vml.u m11·. of hurnu1 rizhn in,t
o f the ~cw c-oaliuoo sovcrnm c nt Th:u ~;aid, mlc.rnit, on ;al lm numu.ru n IJw 1 ......ecp
·- tit~
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, way to reckon with past 2 buse1 mcngth · h:aml, ll •~ I~ cc, 1:a,n th.at rn1r-m"1ttonil bw
encd the found21ion for • more stable. dur· J em,nJ, th< p,.,.ccu, ion of every ind 1.,.i.
)blc democ,,tic pc>C< tu follow u1I 1mrlintc d in the JlIOClh<> _.\ snnboli,
In man)' countries, prosccunon~(or ,husn or "Tcp•c~u uu, c 11umhcro( prcxc~a oni of
cumm1u ed dunng thr. conllic1 co n m , rc st:v· those mos1 , ul1•:1hl'" nuy ~nsf)· intn
era! f\lnrnons They provide victims wuh 1 nm onal obltl('l11uns. cspcc,illy ,f 1n ovuly
sense of justice and a 1h1rs1s---a sen.~ ,h,1 CMCO) IVC tri;al rr~nn\ \\OUld ,hrcttn chc

their gn ev,nccs h2'·c been addressed ind a n
more easily be pur ro 1cs1, rarhcr than smol·
duing in a111ic1p1uon of the next round o(
conn,c1. I n 1ddi11nn , they can csn bli sh ,
new dyn:uni1. iu socicly, :.111 u11Jcr!tl:.tnc.l1og
1ha1 aggressors and those who 111crnpt to
,bus.: rhr rieh•s of orhcr.,_...ill be hdd
accoun rablc
Bec.iusc rhcsc trials te nd to rcccrvc much
111ention from both the lo<al popubri on
,ind foreign ohservers, they often provide 1n
importa nt focus for rebuildi ng rhc judiciary
and the crirn1n:1J justice sysrcm in JL.WI •
rbncc wi th rule of bw princip les. Pcrh,r,
ltlU!tl 11npm1 .111t ror p11q.n~es nr lnng
d11s .,ppro.u: h 1rn<lt"1\c nrr:-
rcc.:0 11cd1ar 1<111,
uab - ,iot cn111 c cd 111,,
d, .11 spcu l'rr 111d1v1d
t1 fl• l1),{iuu, •U polll1l,tl l!hlUlh
lor ,,•IHl h
.IIIOl..1 1 ,c.s rlh·\
snb,lity nf tloe counuy. Argcntin•, E1h,-
npi1, i nd some of the countries or Ccntnl
,nd Eastern Eurorc, for eumple, h>•e
1dnp1<d thi, '1'1'"'"'" in ll,:-.ali11g wnh the
lcg, cy ol m>" l\'c hum>n 11r,h" abu~s by
rhcu ousted regimes
In ><•cu t = - ung,n~ f,om Nurcm
berg to E1h1op1> to Rw,nd, -gi\'cn 1he
h rge number nf po1en1i,I defendants , nd
rhe 11,I; of hor1hc1 dcsnbili ut,on on\'olved
in mcmpri nr. 111 ,lct,i11 Jn,I p10S<,utc them
all, 1n d fon h.1s bcrn m1dc 10 distrngui sh
three ca1cgo11 r\ of culpobil1ty and to dc.,gn
different appm,11·hcs for c>ch Roughly, these
rr11n 1l.1ss,lio1inn, b"·a\.. dowu 11110 [I) the lc:id
Htrllmll
rn, those who ~.ff( clu: rnJr r'- 10
w .1 1 c.rulH:S , ;rnd 1hnt:c Vi'ho :u.111:.lly l ,1111c<i
t,11 1 the'""' ' .,n l 115t'!-. ( 11\1!\'IIJhh · 111
1
111 .111·
1unrn1111 r "l
bl" held c,1, ,1 c,:,1r; n1111l\'.11,alh l.i2l ,1,,..,.. wl,, t•'
lll't·d IIJ

d.lJ\ w~ \. ·n ·
p l· 11 .111.:·:I .1\ ,u,~·, ,1, ,, 1 1'\lllj:. h • 1I II C
h \ 1Hl111 ,1l1h 111 ~,1 ,l,11111•. , II h 1t:, I'• 1hl
,-. II , I,, , ; , : : .. • \\ l 1o1,, ,,H, , ., \ ', , l •
,, ,, , , • , 11 1• , nl /l ,
 •
••
591 - •1h111c1iy, , c g ,
,~,1111,:il .-0"1h.at u.,ll, c
, li in n , ,,...::.c ,
f (l e Soto> ,,._.or
k
••
and rhu.3' :u c
.
n.!"'ll 10 '-o H\!ll l iun, ,n1m i1n1ln
Or -
d discriin111u1011. i' tH ,no
r. JI n11uon2h
I
or pr n~rup iy.
-'
I A• " ,c,ult o
,
,
.-: r.11111 COi
nntl citrn~1vc: ,or . ,-,
I"
( \cs povcnu
,
1• ulc&11on, I cru .
l,;lS
ng
•
l 1 1,u1n1Jc1 o 11'"
•
:1:;~~~1 :nlv,sc n c:111-ragctl iu rcco11sll uc:t ,
110..,,.. \nlnp1c< •
'" \V'',H"}:::" soc1ctiC!i, :;.dn,ini.;lf111'YC rrncc ,hr ;ul11mtt& . . I vr 111 uccs~.
U ',1 i •
f lc
c'1 ul c ~ o t ,
P"" po!:a cou11·,ct
~

•
duSrc ll; h:a1dly :a \ gkuouro," .u c~n111t,1~ u:u ln unplcnu•n1111t, , 1hc•r I
wnu11g or clc-cuo 1u,, l>ot they ire 11l -1ulv11c,I uwolvrt in
'uk of l~w, I I,Mc d 10 foe.us on
·, for it is. in thi, rc~lm tlnu, un
1.
••
to negIcct , , ,cacr. l,111!Jin~ will u~1c11l nee uen for 1hc
notictd. the sr«l s of gnevnn« OIi(1 <'.On l r l'ltt:ll :IfThese
ur,-,
, m·• y quietly• even , 111w1tt1nr,I>·• 1wn ch:illcngc.< 0 P' ore d,s·
1ronu1n 0 n ft ! r•·co r1c1l1:a11011 .
p r<l f" C!-IS ~• "" .
be sown . h I ,wo scct1onc.
In Pc.n.1. where sornc corrd::uion is bc -
cussed 1n t c no ·
'I
licv.:d ,o'"CXist bc1wern 1hc level of publi,
confidc::m.c in the govtrlll\ltn< on the u uc
h,nd ,nJ the cffecu~-c•\C$$ of 1hc ,,iolcnl op
posinou on the olhft. economist Hcrn:i~do
de Soro cuminc4 whJ mos1 Peruvm,s
.
R ECKONING WI T I I
OTHtR Pi>.ST ABUSES
W p.M

A b:.a?u: quc~rion co n f ro nnng"

CRtt1ES ANO

,a ny soc1encs
. .
. . •a
' . h .15 whc1hcr 10 pros
1
:t\~idt'd :.iny t r.111s1crionl entailing c OcH;\CI in 1he PoS1co110ic1 P :tsc . f
. I "d i the COl~n,cc or
"'irh go•-crnmcnt pcrsonncl--de,rly • mc:a ..:cute tho 5c nn r.:\( '\ s , c (l .
. n· d
1he ~buses 1hc y 111 ,etc upo
n che n211on .
.
sure of public co 11Iidencc. De Soto's 1984 _ « . l ose class,
~rudy found rhor for 1hc average Penivian 10 1 he worn of these on enscs arr 1 1 • •
obr.iin die nc-ccssa ry licenses to open a small ficd by in1c m a1ional l>w 2 s w:u crun es.
.
cnrncs •
11?•ns1 humaniry. · ocidc· In
· an d gen
ind.usrr;1} business. it rook ten months, ten
rcques1s for bribes to diffen:nt burcoucrats, :iddition. howeve r. nations need 10 com e
10 terms Wtlh the qucs[iv1\ or :iccount:abil-
:ind . fer.< totaling 1hirry-two times the C
monthly minimum wage. 15 Pc,u had a fonc· 11 y for chose abuses 1ha1, while nol ~ons1i -
t,oning democratic lcgi,l.turc, with bws
2dopml rn<l published following public
deb21r; 10 the C:\sual observer, the system
1111ing s11ch in1~rnaiioniliri.[llcs, still give
11se~cj_ccply felt rcscn1rne~tt 311d ontago-
nism in the postcontlict p!i.,:uc: . S ome abuses
----
adhered 10 the rule oflaw. Despite this :ip- may have Geen pcrpccratcJ in the corttc.xl or
parancc. de S010 and his team lcarnco that the con0ic1; orhcrs may have taken phcc
99 pcrc_c nr o f the rules governing daily life earlier, ranning 1hc rescmmcn1 s 1ha1 led to
in the coun1ry ncv:r wcnr 1hrough the lcgis- the conflict .
1~1ivc process T hey were, ins1ead, the result
of rcgula rin ns issued h)' executive branch
:agcnc ,es, a 111 \)C<:55 that ,v:is noc suUjcct to Criminal Acco untability
puhlir pu1, cipac1011, proccoural con trols, or Som,. arr,uc that trial 3110 punish me nt o l
:iny oversight. IG A1 the en<l of the twc111icth rhr.sc offenses 1s not only essential 10
ccnrury, 1his kind of s11m1ion is not unique
achieve so me degree of justi ce, bu t 1ha1 a
In Peno lnsuE1r :1s 11,c power of these admin -
public amn(!. and rondcntr1·.11ion o f thei r
1s1ra111vc burca11rr,.,ics continues unchcckc<l
ni mn is the best way lo dr:iw :i line bc -
i11 tlic pos1c11111lic: period, ir mahs II more
rwcrn times 11:1s1 and prcsc ni . les t dw p11 \llic
likd v 1h:a 1 111el,v1duals and r:roups will feel
p1:rcc1vc d,r new or,lcr :is , ,ni ply mo re o f
d,srn fr.111, 111,cd lou,n 1hc sp,c111 . in<liviJu:il
<he s:11n,:. O thn , '!a1111 ,hat th r sc ·"'" <1mpl)'
:ind 11.11 in11 .1I t·uu11>1111 c growth will I,.- ham
show 1r,~ls 11 n h c l 11 1111t• a , ,· ,,-1, 1·
pr1e ,I 111 .l .Hl 11 11n t~1c;1t 1vt· rq! \ lb t tt)II'- Ol ..... · ' • " ur pr .h c
.11 1d de.n,oc-r.Kr, tl 1.'1 :I r n1h ,h 1t.:\' H.'.\V .,f \V ,l1
i l I l ',11 11 1 11 1. q 1 h ,1 11 11 11 11.i h ••II 1'11, 111-. 1~ ttl
f ll Ht 11111, IIH ·
~
V 111
• ·• 11 11.1111' t ' l ',•11 111 .r,, 1 '1 1 1
 N EIL J. KP.ITZ

S92
, I 1hrc:1t to ilic
anJ ihe likelihood of t11r1hcr co110ic1 2rc rn n sc in c t.,n1c pose s .'I very rc:l
be in,nuni'Lc:d. pc:oplc 11w~1 become. Ctn'lf,
·1·
., 1ab I ,ry O I
1· 11,c new pc:,ce .
b m postcot,n·1cl re-
dent 1hoi rhey w,11 11nt he •bused ci1he1 hy To 11JJrcss 1h,s pro c ' b
uickly to cst:1 -
private sector cnminnls or by 1hr. ><1.l'hori1ies co11~tn1ction h:,s to m ove q • and
An addition,1 prohlc111 con fmnllnf) muny h ~h ,our,s 1h.i \ II C :, I,ovc
. , uirup11o n
r
. .· • ·,l clements , po ccc
countries emerging front w;u 01 fn111, n I'<" 11 111mlfht1011 hy C l ,m,n, . d' 'd :u
cd :incl 1n iv, U,
pres.~ivc 1egime lu ;, dc,m'><'r:11:'y is 1he hin\1.is fo,·,·c!: need en be suppo rt • . I _
I . iablc for v10 a
i n enforcement cn·p :,hiliucs. A l1J11si1inn?I office rs 11111st be I1c 1'- acco uu ' . J
' 1· I I· of law· an<I t · ng :in
r:.1111
period unfolds clu rinl( which the oltl police 1 I OIIS O I IC IU C ' J ·
tind security forces (:,~ wdl us the systc11 1 . o( cI, c 1:,w c ru' o rcemcnt :an cnm -
ck n111a11!!
of iurho1i1y ,n ge neral) ar, elimi nated or inal usti 'cc systems need to begin · Prom Ptly 0
we:ikcncd, but the n,w o,der has )'Cl 10 trike following the con n.1ct. ' fl ,c Bo•ni:i ' accords
. ,
for 11x11mplc, atte mpt to rntcgratc· this lcs-
.
hold . Rcr:iining th~ old policr and judici:iry,
ma~,y o f whonr \vcrc part of the problem ~nn, 1:iddrcssing c:1ch of these poi_nts cxphc -
11
r.irhc.r than of the solurion, undercuts the itly in the tcnns for the posrconflict phase.
credibility o f che nc,\I o rder and co ul d
chre:llcn the :ibil,11· ,,f {h<' new government
10 manage the 1r:rnsi1ion_. 1t rakes 2 couplr Re presentative Government
of yea rs or more to t rain new personnel: Fre ely Elected
csr:tblish new lines o f comm:rnd, and build a Bcginn'i ng from the basic principle of free
new and cl'Gd.1ble cri minal justice system ln elections, detailed intcrn:uional scand:irds
Russia , Georgia, South A frica , and El Q:- have cvol\'edY The firyt two or th·ree clcc-
vador, ro ci1e :i few cx:imples, 1his time lag 1ions in the pom:on fli ct phase m a):-'bc· a
h:is rcs~ltc!_in a sccuri ry vacuum readil y so urce of great rc nsio nLas chey co'ns1irut c
c apirnlized upon by c riminal clements. ·1n o ne of the first real ccst~ of the e-xtcm to
each~ f these four-cou ntries, the transition whic h ~1 p.utics c:in pb,· :111 amhe nci, 101<:
has produce.cl a soari ng crime r:11c; the same in ~e ccrmining t he direction of the counrry.
trend occu rs in nu mcrous Slates in the pos t - l[hc i ntern:l\io nal role in elections ·c a.n_
co nni cc phase. In El S ;i) vador, for example, be extremely import:i n1 111 such countries.)
a n oflic i:11 inquiry determined that rh c l 11tcrn:1tio n:il acti\'itie s i nclude providing
dc:Hh squads 1ha1 killed tho usa nds o f le ft - cduca,ion and t raining in advance of elec -
ists and modera tes du r ing the w ar tra ns- tion s, helping co dra ft election hws, :m d
formed themselves inro new crimi nal bands, - sending delegations to obscf''C che elec t ions
unchec ked and undaunted by an incffecrive IO ensure thtit fairness . Between October
criminal just ice system. While people's daily 1992 and October 1993, the Uni ted N ations
fear of be ing caug hc i11 t he cross fire of wa r responded co req u ests for clcctor31 assis -
or of being vicious ly repressed by 1he a u- lance from 1hi rry-fivc countries, many of
tlmri cies becau se of their policical views ha s them with fragile po li cical condi cions. 13
dramatica lly rc..:cdcd, it has bee n pani ally The rule of law re quires a freel y elected
rcpbced by a new f<'ar o f the chicvcs,gangs, d e mocratic legislature, whi ch can provide :1

and mar1 as 1ha1 flpt r:u,· w11h rcbtivc imp u
n, 1y in dw 1111cr1111 pcnod In sn m,· ~ascs,
ch ,· s,· new n 1111111:il, :111· rlc m obi l,1.cd com
l, .11a11h .1llll nff,, ,. , , o l 1h r ronllirt j11,1
n 1dr d , , till pus-..,·s.~i n g IIH·11 WL'.11'\Q11, but 111.>
'" w li \'l' lit .. ,,,,l l 111, , ,,111 .. lkd. dn~ J1.111n1,.-
foru m for airing :ind managing numerou s
di sputes bet-wee n factions within the tou n
rry. Lt requi re s that ch,~ rcprcsem:nivc: luudy
he more t h,1 11 ;i dd 1.11i11~ club; i1 mu~1 hav r
autl.erH1c ancl 111c:.11un~lul µo,vcr 111 the go,·
nnn1cn t, c r1.1hl111g tl1csc fac11Qns t '1 h .l\·c .,
H( R.uu o , l.Aw IN THf 1' 0 \ I ( ONfl "-.' PttA\ l
1 -
---- -
, n,ply tc:tlC"ct ;, wc-s trrn .1pp1 ouh, al,c:o to w1U •~•u.au, nu•\.(" m •y "'' I1111.:: ,I
. lh(" 1•ri,,, . , ruu,~ ,, 1111
heir own 1upccttvi:- .:uho ,a h II r~tt, mly ,,u mihu \n 111111" o l w
11, cro,," ,
' 1n u n 11 1 1u I 01hr , ., 11111 01 ,.. , W
t Ul" th:u l'Cftt0 n:al ~u hvtry Oil 1hrU
' " '"' I"• ti ti ., II "
1'Iilf"f' I!A IJI.,. U111nhrn ,1r \W:opl
"lUOd almn!CC rxdu1 11vcl y u, thr ,ur,lil 1u?o ,-. 1hr 1
, on~ C>f Eun>Jte .tlh l thr Amri , i t I\ It 11 1111 U ' rH(1tr , u 1 I'fl \uu,- II • . ctu111 111
' w, ••lt ru f c:ttJI t Ut
1orrin c l t-'11 uotC' . h1HYC VC"1 . t h11 1 thrv· atlln t 11111()4" 111\)f 1 '-'ltU \ I
'' ,.......,..,y lo ,1 ,r \111 tilt
" rn,, 1
l..ard5 of rht rnlc or l\lW "' '" IHU l\n ll'l 1\.IH\ HI umUH t , •mtr" ll , 1
\,lfr. a 1~•• uh 11
II
YCSl crn but unWC"l~:I, .. , thru 1r111i\.ah1
luy upoy tu H"M1l vr ,l, "ini'1t 1 ''t~•t t I..,,."fl•It
"''

t1 t nuuu uty l.u,u u ~vt•,

• • .,. "" I
ronin lly, 111111 y ul the kry 1't111ript, , hovr r.- .._. tit I 11r rltV,tl l

'<'en p111m11l~ue,I 01 enJo ncJ by 1hr somr y""" "' 1:a, I Ul fl\ 1ft ,♦.. rt • "''l '•
u 'ltAl r 1'1 r~, "'•h
"tl . I
I·.11,· , ul fl,,. ~,. ,, ,. lu"I I Y Yu ,Utlr 11\\tr ~
I I
ln11cd N:ath_,u~ ,l,gQ.n.S 11 ml 1u c o fl cu v,cwf 11
U\(Itpc.11 dcn1 1111\u, u,y 1uov ult''\ ~ I>" ;artf,,1
•
') 1he \Ve,1 u Th u J Wor l,I dorn 11,111c tl
fh us, ,l1s>~1-.,c111en1 be twee n ·,cgi111111I hlon I ,t,y 11u: .a1{, Cf1 2.lII I fr f,l thp: ti.rm
.. W111
• llUSI
•~I\\
, likd y to n,1n inuc in the nc-;i, tcn11 1he 11111t.,,. y •l,11 ,d,lr r,,- -. .. ,,
f
nor11114\, cvr , yday •lir.r1ut c& bet wrc11 i>c•,p
,.,,,..,,. ,
.
''"
I (, lf'
1opc 11lly <w 1111bu1iny,' 1u , n ,-,.,.._-,,ti tu1h1tr'
iOH £ MAJO II STft U CTU RAL ANO •h~I , c..solvc .. I l ~ \.Onfl1cu thtrnu,I, .u I
r, • \ I fl,fJh
•
D ROC £0 U -l ELEH ENT S v,otom mc:.:ans
1 he rule of law 111corporn1cs m•n r of the rtan t tO ncnc 1h:n not cvrry
.h
1s in1po
,
: lcme n1 s n=s •ry 10 e2,c 1ens1on ~nd lcs- d1spu1e is >me n~bl e to jud,ci,I rcsoluuon
-cn 1he likd ,hoo d of fonh c r conn ic1. Whi le Som t poin ts o f co nftic1 ore purely p<,\, 11c;u,
J com preh ensiv e rene w v f
:all :aspc-,..s of the nol ,ddr cs.ed r, :my bw wh1d 1 1hc <'oun,
rnlc of l~w is far beyo nd· the scope: of th,s migh i ,ippl~, To m u:e the cour t, the ub11e r
:,s:1~. 2n e ~~mi n:iti on of som e oft~ m2jo r o f such d ispu1 c,-p anic uh rl~· ,f Lhc jud,·
clcm c11 ts 1s w:1 rr.111 ted to unde rs12 nd their o,iry i~ Mill ·.1 fr:1eilc m s1m11mn- 11s\;s
be
pcilit ic-i?in & the ,•ecy ~n11,titution ,h2 c m uu
, ,ral ro le in poH ,onl l,c t pc:icc build ing.
blind 10 polic i c,, unde nnin ing the credibil•
iry and indc pcnd c.nce of 1he judici.J syne m
An Inde pen den t Judi ciar y Seve n! anal~·sts have >uggc::sted 1h,1 this son
of polit iciza tio n chan ctcri 2cd 1hc Rui.s,:in
1\ pnm Jry rcqu is ,r c for 1hc func tion ing or
cons tinn iona l cour t in the c:arly I 990s, ,en·
1hc rule of l:aw. of c ours e, is :an inde pend ent
l, dcrin g i1 a mor e high -prof ,le but less effcc -
1uJic i:ary. At 1hc m os t fun< bmcn t:a.1 leve
,- rive insti tutio n for c:u.ng me oftcn · rurbulent
1he princii-,~ purp ose o f 1hc coun s in "irn
foru m for the Russian 1r:1~sitio n .
:t Uy :t11y syste m is 10 se rve :is :a
pclc cfi.il reso lut io n o f disp utes. Con ffict :u,d
d,sa ~rcc nicm :tre 111cvi1abl c in 30)' lium
an '
Law Enf orce men t and Crim in;il Justi ce
'
~ys1c-m. i1 w ou ld be fool h.ird y 10 cons t ruct
The rule of h\w requ ires 3 syt tcm or crim1 ·
:111 iJ ylltL m o del th:11 did not :assu me dis- n'll justi ce th:11 Jetc rs and puni shes band it ry
~grccn1cn ts l,e 1wcc11 1nJiv1du31S 3nd be · and 3 CIS of viol ence , allow ini; 1hc ci mcn , y
rw,:cn g roup s To forg e 3 dun blc pe:l\:c, ir. to live w11 h :t sens e of sccu nry At ihc simc
1, 11cc.::~sJ1 y t<> (ll:111 111·1 tho~
c conO i ct $ i nt o
e of .1mc1"10-
1imc, 1hc Lt ;;~~;,11
ju,1i11· ,y;1c m ,111151 be
.1 IPLll1111 1nl :111.I .H ccpt cJ mod imm 11nr fr,1111 3hus c fut j1<>lillc•I puip<>~cs
:11nl le ss
3nd must ...lhcr. : 10 :J lc ni:-U• )' '"' .. r llll<'l
r 1111,11 h ·lor\ ' 1hc1 ' hcLO IIII' v1olc 111 ll:I
f ' I 1•10(~
I 1.11 I .11,1. 1ion:illv rc(lll ~n11cJ ri~h•s <> 'rnrn n,, ,
nnn gin! ,: 111>111 ]nn cd . I I t I ... .,,,,on -
In , 11, , ,,. 11 ,111
Jun· "' l11 c1du.·r 1 \\n1 ♦ 4-, n. ir '

• • 1111,, t, 1H11 111· 1ln1 ~, 1. I 11n1, .\n\l ~ru:, ,Hl(l" ~


.S90 --- - --
. "' .ind ( uupc• at ,on in Europ e
(or Sccuri. ,
(OSC F)" h•• prt1<f11 ,c< t "<Ic t»• led Jdi111 1101,
o ftht ,;,s,11u11011 :.I :and pro,rd ur.U d c 1t10nl t1
o frhr ru I co ( ' .aw- ,h,. mus t compr chcns 1vc:
~ ~m • c:vcr .u1np1c,I lty " ' 1
1 11 ,
cara logu C ''r •
rP.s.lu L.ataou -
.
,vh1ch M' I VC)
111 1cr11armn:tI t' •a
:a stanch.rd Im al$ fi'1)h 1hrcc u ,cml'-rt ,a:itc!t
111csc rcquir rmr ,,. 1s IIH.· hult· chr follo wntt)·
:a rcprcscnt:1t1vc govr 1nlnrnl u, wtuch
cxC"cu civc ,, .,ccou111nl le h'I , tltc clecc·<·d
lcgisb rurc or ro rhc clecw r.atc,
the dury of rhc l:O''t'' 111 9 e111 rn ~c, in eom -
p!i,nc c w11h , he cnn ~1i n11iu11 2ml rhe law,
• clc~r scpar:ar,on betwe en rhc sta re :rnd
poJir ic aJ p :11 IIC S,
~ccou mab ,hry of the m, liury ~nd the
police 10 civili:111 ~urho ri t ies,
t·ons1 denno n and :idop rion o r legisl:u i on
by puhl,c proce dure,
publ1c2rion of ~dm, nis r rari ....- regul3 t iom .
,s ,he condi tion for ·,heir ,"11idiry, · $:>me is true .or' thc Org:i ~;22r ion of Ame r-
effecr ivc mean s ot- reJn: ss 2g:un sr idm in-
isrra1j,•e decisions :011J provi sion o(inf or-
rnacro n ro rhc pc1sv n jr'fc:ctcd 011 the
rem edi es ava ifable .
an ,ndcp cndcn r juc lici:iry,
p101e c ti o11 of rhc 111dc pcnde ncc of lega l
pracri11oncrs. Jnd
• ckr arlcd gu a ran rces in rhc arc::i of c ri mi
n:il proce du re .__
OSC E polic r with rcspecr to che rule of
law also comm irs rhc r:rr1icip11ing sc:ues co
a r.~1 o( particulars on perio dic and genu ine
free electi ons and poli r ,cal orga nizin g, in-
cludi ng 1hc righ1 uf anr ri 1izcn to seek pub-
lic office, nondiscn1111n:1w1 y access to medi a
for all pa n1c ipan1 , 111 r lrc political proce ss,
.11111 .111 ,·1Hlo 1~rrr1 rn 1 or I he rok of inrer na -
1u .. 1.d r·lcn1n 11 oh~r, v,·,, They rei tera te :ind
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d,c ri"h' w prorc ny. r- ,n2 II y, no ullg '
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. udic,a ry. OSC f. doc umr1H s c:h t.or:&lc o n
J I • • • IJ
,he ,ighrs ond pro 1rc110 11 o f m1nor111es.
tht: The Cou nctl of E u ,01>< hu 2lr.o Jcvcl - •
01,c.J • w pliisti l>tcJ •,rric:s or stand a rds,
rc')u iring :tdhcr c n r c 10 rhc ru~e o f l~w :as a
requis irc of 111embc 1ship in tl,c org:in17,211on .
W irh ,cspc:c c rn snme :ispcc rs of the rul e o f
l:&w the counc il's stand ards arc, in fact. clah -
ur:i;cd in far m ore det:iil rh:m rt.cir USC E
co11n1cri1:arr provi sio n s_
Acyond the :arcicul21ion of s ran,ho rd~,
chcse regio n•I org:-r nizar io ns condu ct :1 va n -
cry of progr ams 10 facili1 a1e : 1hc ir 1mpk -
m c nr:1rio n. inclu ding rr:11ni ng, consu lr:u ,on,
and o~rv c r :1nd a dvis<>n· missi oo~. The
ican Stat~s (OAS ). whic h rccco dy qc:ar cd :i
Demo cracy Uni1 ro pu1 ) UC a v:i.ric ty o f tcch -
nicil assi suncc :1d l\· i 11 c, 10 bols1c r th e insti-
rurions and proce sses 11cC<. -S"")' for the rule
of l:iw in mcm hr r· st:ites. The OAS and the
Council o f Eu rope each enfor ce their rule of
law stand ards p r i n l ip:ill y rhrou gh a rcgio n:il
com missi on :ind :i regio nal court on hum an
righu . In accor dar,-:-e with the 1995 :tgrec ·
mcnt s to end th e war in t he form er Yugo -
sbvi:1, the OSC E a nd rhc Coun cil of Eu rope
will both play i nf1u( ;ncia l roles in helpi n g 10
Jcvcl op the rule of h w as an CS5encial clc-
men( in the cons olida tion of peace there.
Th~ evolu tion of inc reasin gly detai led
inccr natio nal sc:cn dards with re spec t to the
rule of law ha~ n o l gone wholly 11nc-ha\-
lenge d. In rhc p:1 s1 frw years , voirt·'.', h ave
been hcJrd pcrrodi< .illy in pan, 11( Asia ,
Africa, and rl1l' i\r:th worlcl 10 ni1kc the c:ise
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