Per Unit Methods

Actual kvA

Per nit kvA Ba se. kUA

napeleunce (2
ce ( )
Ac hupul Tnpeleun
hucul
cBase
Pey unt
impedauce=
impedcanL [SL)

i ase kvA

hase CaIrvent
Base ky

Une to neuiral valul, of base ve lfge

ase mped anu a s e CurrentE

Advantages c PO. System

Manfadurevs usna Spcafy i mpeeanca values op equtmevnC
u f equpmen yatun Ifamy eleila ü hot available
e 8 i e r to assume Us pu.va.he tueUn th rumerlcal velet

2- When ekprersed h puSqstem paramelers tend to Fal

Yelcch vely narrow numuricol gge 1kereFore, qny
errouous clailor Cam be esdey Cdenhi fied
3- PU. olaiu ve preseutahon yieles inportand
n formehon shoud
relaane meLgni uds

foweY 8qsteni contuns a Acra ne: f trans forrers

The ohmit value f Tnupedance as refened to
secondary 1 clfereut from e uale as rererred
to prhAaYy However, bese Velues qre ó<kcted

pysp-ry, the :u: tmpedem dme on Ikeluso

8ides ke tyamsformer.
ciruilks douot
5- Tke tansfar eCenwctons, th tree þuase
a fed th pu valus ap ipecdante atuogh le
o e yoltages ah tu two &lde olo olpend on
u conn ectows
Sncetu clata of clfereut equi meida n
avellable wi y. op itr rating, i s neeksaey
ff Ce nveyt etue elida
cetveyt to conmon buse kA md
eV. Afer 1he analye ulual ne CLPLry o
Cenvert 1h er uwt valuss f result to actual
vclews

Per Unit in^hedan ce Tane frmers

I
u s t VolHennpere
CY
V I V2 I2 =

Ade Vi
B s e vo Rteqc fov nary
de V2
veltage Fey Acconday A
=

B V

Z
p-u nedeni o referred te prìn r
V
pedeme refered to &eceuda k = Zi

Base inpedanu V2

u . tmlcol cMu as refemcel ts Acoud ry

V1

, I2
z

V
to
P.u. i n peoloum a as refened
Prina
 F the clrmu Cedaing Tuufome.
as
*o n . kv on pr\nmary &idlt IS &ee cfec/
e toline
lasaae kV on pi mary siol. Te
eleched as bet kv fer
RV 6dtceudery Ade i
usndary fhe Tuo
M A) b a is tke dan Ou
KyA bae l
Soles
COnHeched bu as 3PR
hum tyenkfers
F S tramiforney
is
ratny ef te
Jk 3 ph
mits, rll ng T zach
he Pkar
ngle
the Aun }k
3h ee
Innbedauce i p:u for
trukerueY,
a haf

phae tYM s ferne

wi ndins drqns
ferher
xe
Z1, Z,Zz are inpedanes
tke

e prtnany, sc6kda ny
4ud rertrary twi udtng
Z
MOIL-
(2or pu)

3 fee kcre valuey

hes ieccu Us n p:C,
To eress

ckcfed as uueler:
at eto
kA o a is 8anu for al Hulhree viudngs
4 teel lie to ei ne Ev fer cach foY e h ap ihe
1ree wlndings s selecfat as base kv fav ltut
windn
L wlult ny Transfr nue Y 36

Thee cde us Tremrfthnur"

 ShotTrunsmssion L nes
R+ X
M001,
Z
VR

Is Ir
Vs V+ IyZ

Vs

IgR

Cos4- Ia RSind)
Sind)+(TR
Ia R Cos4H IaX Sin
i s ( R+
+ TRX Sin¢
r Vs Vg+ Ip R Cocd
Ces 4 JRX 31nd
VsVR TA R
V. K. v. =

VR Va
) For eading PF
fo a j . P-F,
+)

M W kV
phar over hecud line oleltv<vs 5
A 15 Km long poder
i l s s e a r¬ IL/ ff he
af PF. f o.2 againg. ne

divere e iielcfeue S r m H e r k m perhhaoe

C lceleti (a) seneliug ned tkepe amd requlaoy

facta -f laad o make regulahion''
Poune r
Gvaa ef Capaesto to connecked at the receirig
end o reolut egulahon o
 VR ooO = (3S V

328 A
3XO00X08

(R
y5XloE (sx lo w
Ttalu loss
12
100
3 TRR= (oXio
262
6 X 16
R
3 328 X 328
S16Y2
ITIO =
= 2 T FL 2 XSo Y*
Sin¢
IARCos d+Ig X
Vs Va+ 7259 V
X5:184 X*% =

X 8(xo 8 + 324 27
3 5 + 32

lin volfefe- 3 X7 6 5 1 7 7
Sendins snd

75927-63S
V-VR
Requleeion 63 5

2375 7.

h fo o V.R

+an
K 86 359
5. 184

Cos o9 ul ¢= 1975 leading

 IR

Ie
Lc CurrenF e)ravn b eapaei tor
>

= IAtLc

Cos 3687
I Cos \* 7S
27 25A
3 2 & Cos36.87
24+o5A
=

Va C3S 782S
X 24
Ie
+I Sin 19 75
Sin3487
c = Ie
278
328 X 06 +

2 oSA

2182

uSBB x 16 E
 ssi on ne
Meeli um Transmi

M0) M 0015

VY
TranmiegN tne
em
meci
Nominal T dru t e

-(2)
1 VY
(3)
s I R + .Y+IR -Cy

Vs =Ve 4+ ,
Ve+(Ia+VY+Ia

VAtA2 IR + IRZY

(i+)
Vs =Vei+r) +Iaz
Js = Va Y +IR14 - -(

r Ja
 15

Is
VR

T- r u t
Phasor diagrqm for
Nomi ncl T- Circuit

I'
Tcs
Va

V = Va+ I'z = VR+ (IR +Va)Z

+ JRz
Val I t )
Is I + Ies =I'+ V,Y

ItVa Fa]
+[Va(+)Y +

T +Vay +Va2Y I 2 1
VaY(1+)+ Ial\+2)

-L3)
 1
1
VA
IAR
T- U r a u t
PhasoY diagrqm for
Noni n c T- CircuitF

M>
A

I I R t IR

V = + Iz =
Vg+ (IR +VR)Z
+ IRz
= ValIt)
Is = I + Ies =I + V,
IAt Va + [Va()+TAZ]
AtVa +Va(I+)Y
+ VR + 2 Ia2Y
IRR;
VaY(1+)+Ial\+)

-)
 I ' -

V
FRVIR
üru+
Phaser clia for no mlnel r

h reustnce
iu aass a
q reLstmce

A 200 km lon 3- phase over head

indudi ne eackancu 20 2osL
Yg 7 chm per pnye,
f 11 nF erkm
emol capcLilene e ( n e to qrund) &
per phhase
7 38k
t dupplies q load 13-s MW afa Vo&ge
n o i n a l T- druit
ed fectov o9
Yowey laaging. Ustng
aro
t &eudang tud voaqe, uren, regtulevtion
poweY ngle
63UI3 2
Z =
48 T + So2 = 93

Y Jwcl 2 Tx So X u Xlox 2o6 L1

524 X1o *L1o siemens

50o3 L
i3 X lo 6

X8 Xjooo Xo:9
1-41L-25 94 A

Vali+)+ JRz ( I t )
5oQe-3 [1 + 9383 25873 514 (oL90 +98425 3j
55o26:1+
13-4315373AS2qxt6°LA
X13-3L5873) [1+
]
5 7 3 69 73 + 54877= 974 47 2 L5 62
Snedtnq tnd
Vo lge =
X5 7647 2 V
Phak anyl 5.62
9q.sKV
 Is Y + Ig l 1 t )

529K119)
x14 (93 g3 L53
73)

A
8725-Ji3:9S = 88 36 -9*68

load
Keceivi ng tnel volege ot No
5 747 2
= 5889d 18
9788+j0o12G

haloccd

5 8 3 9 o 78-So 8o 33
Kal-tion =
So o 8 3

591
 ona lyc ns ustion ns

ICXA

é-
-AL

v ( t a ) = VOx) +zan. IC

VLtAK) - V(X) =ZI

it
VCHAI- Vl)

Y Z I ()

IL+AX)= I ) +ya
VCEAX)

L CX+A -IW
cY yvCta)

T ay
ina OG)-ILY
= yvJ

d =y ve)
Dr
e reialing ( Omd
(31
(3/ to
 d V o I M) 1)

V)

e n () o l (

ovy
zyy-
V
= =

en ) s
Aoducton
T o -Y
Y
+be
VLn ae

afe (-bTe )
dV

dVa o e
o e
qzy
Y z I Z
z

x
TO Fly
Z/
Cheradenatic
e d e n c a

ev uafed frmun
a ael da C -e
Cnstemfs
Terminal Canditi guA

tb
Vlo) VR
( a - h)
ICo) IA

2 la -

b)
CY
 d
VC) 5)
anen

eVCh)

val o X
SweR t t n

esn (u) n o

ZIVOy = Va
oV

dx

whewe

Th
Y
Vn) = ae e
-Y
dVoC) a f e + (-bre

e dV - aL e e
a1z9
z I
Oe

J/
Chewatienstic
mcdncn

Cnstenmts ame '-a evufed f

fermnal Codih oms
VO) VA b

ICO) IA a- )

R Zl4-b)
 Saluing e n s (y

a oS(VR +IAZ«)
O S (VA- Iyze)

ad
m h B) 4(9
12
VA t IRZe VR-JRZ
2 2
VA-IAZ e

e
i
e
e
Z LAR
Vny =(
2
+e)zIR
m d z I UJ

VR + Z S)nh ) J R
Caskyx)
- 17
V TxJ IA
Va Lesh
Iuy =
smhlfr)

CosH)

.Sinh() Cosh
12C = 1
AD

Cash(1)= I 2 Y
SiuhlyZ
B Z Sinh
=

A Cosh (
coshIyz z[ 2
LU

C Sinhlk) = 9inhrz D A
Jyz
LS
 Ferranu E ffect

V = VA B YR Ic
AN

CL)
(Y+ JwL) L
(Jw
Vs- Ve =Va 2

Vs Ve =
2 Lineo
overhecd
al
C n t a nt for
1h quemi ly 1S
ela ctromagelic
respeafton P
Gmd 1S the Velo c of reavdy equal to
The ha
The a
3X Kim /éeG
8 peed f ht u

2( 21
-16
X (s
-VR. L Velts.

Curen
suostani amo uns of
Aona line alras
rauted r very Aègniky
a llnte 3 pen
ueh
f The vslfage at e
e e d af tu veceivh end,
ugherThah
The notug
6<nddu
end becomes
relvin
osn as FeranaEfec
n d vol fegt . Tuis 1

Tus 1s eue to 1e voRe orp c o The charyi ne

Caaatame olue to eharqing

eeut beina Le
The Caa tm ct
th h endug end ve-lige
a b le m
hee fofe ms henomet OCers m mciLm a
inc Tlee Molsad enoltg <nd volepe od
Tu VoAtuze nee from &ndduj tnd to eAvins

end for a So H 3 m line

Uoltrge s22DkV

V
2220000/J3- 1270/7
VA=
y3 o0 X 1o
X(2TYS0)x J o 0
-1270 }7
s-R 18
- i248 V

V 2 7 0 1 7 - 6248

1207
4 q Volts

e d Ane v e l e
Sendan
Ger
Sert
I Y 1 o 7 4 9

20 1 kV

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