Vol e Sowca

and pasive alemanta - er

Achve C uk
Ahve daments a the 8euce oh 9Emay be a
enegt

the cinc

Ackve Elements aec-O Soospenda Depndont

-ndaendont &euas:-
e 16ltoge Contol
Ve =Voltogeues

Dependar Snuca
K
VCVS cCVS VC CS CCCS

Fasaive
ementi-n dunan i s ast ang a
&ouxca
paswe lamarts Iasa lasmarti aitax sea e

-R, L,c aames

R
ebu ouid- n ikcorniduen t rhoe aurmunls
Cbth octive ond paskue alamarnta)

Ra

VHoga ( - Veltags a) ditesanss (p.d) ha

u f e s to mN a ant thas ouugh an alamant
Meosud n wett. Mathumatcally -paanlod as

V- dar
 n armsay
whaca de is he changR
day i a charg nchoogrlC)
2lechi ure at
uontG):- ecttue auant is
chasg. Meagued n Ampaus. Mahamalically Tep1

hace ar twe
yeag
D i a c t u v a n t (Dc) 1 A dieucant a assurt

thar ernaint constant t aume.

2) ALlenatung uoant Ac):- Ah aleinothg seanta au

v a u a s ne &oidall'otl t u

t Cac

Medhamatically rppaentd as
P de
Measuad in doy
h a

ont 2nkesus Jnte ho &utive

ominal o an
aomar callas algarng oue
)Daiveing fueri- +he ant anti t e a natle-
eeminas e an alaman is collud dslietins fE U R

An
Sn any letucal sirait +otal
tota Puse daliveing.
powen alerguads

Suoaen
beding Gadivei
5A
18V
ind th
pauR orc
20ch limen.
8v
o-2

p o u e acmeR

v Laty and
P
Ox 5) =lQok Daliveeisg foey
12 *5 - 6owAkseloing fouwe)
8x G us (ALseLbeng fouer)
P 8x o20 8y o-2 x5: 8W deli euing ue)
t a fwer oossing 1otad pour
aieung
in ha
peue asietled ez daliveuad byeach ompbrunt
8

P v Je f2
Pu

PE58 uo (daliveuni)
P2 8 1 alsss:bnG)
brg-( delio
*Pasie umana

Resatana (R):-
At constant lempalua, abuming ungam Cu jectn
aa matauo
J dECIst -bom a ohms lau)
w u J= dechic voant darai
J:a
EElechic yield inensi y

Conduciivity
Ye
V = IR ( h a R-8fL
A.
C2nd m
Ya T= VG (haa G- Ye) (a-vd ham dhms lauw
ohms
au
Andutona(L):- L

tearg som +ha

aadayH Laws
V d
tux linkagee
LE.
dr

VL I CAh
tpm qr ahms lau

ngrath on bsth aidas

v.dk (54h 46m
i) Copacitona. Cc)
ohms a
E
V
CV
d
 =Cd (Gh heun o ohm's lauwr)
d

dtd dAw

VI d (h eem oh ehms law)

*eides n gues and votoge
slivzaion Rule:-

Vs
, Ra
V, ,

R,R2/
in ilasl V2 R2
Ns
R
*Resisrers in poolul and c u n dursion rula
Pay , 2
,+R2

Vs 6.82
A,
&isnlad 42
20.

8
AAA.

292

AAA,
b
A

Ar
A

man 4
+)120
(24 19

Pab

SS

2S

ay 10 S

Ralr

Ray:
 t)Raly
Ann.

12

-mn 252

-
wn. 24
O
3 2

1-

? 21 Ran x

21