Engneefing Uaenals

Lmperfechons in Solds

lhete is no Suth thing aS apertec Cryst

7Muny of 1e impoffant propertie o

MUte als re due to le presehce OF
mpertections.
ypes of mpertecfon

Vacuncy 9tom Point 0-D detecks

Latersbba| dtdms Derets
Sy bshtutonglaoms

Dislo cahons Hne Detects 1-D Detech

uin Boundanes Area Detects 20 vetects

Poin Dtecs a Metgl

yacanci es
Vacant atimi Sites in a Sucture.

Distehon Vacany
Of planes

Self Lntershials
extra atvms_pas doned b/u utpnic S te
Self
Distprhon
Of planis
Tnterstal
 9pa, bindrn Concentration Point Detects
Egdhbru m Conc enfation vanes wth emp

o t defeds Achvahon
Cng
Nv- exp -
N K1 Temp in k
NO
Aent
olet ect Sites Bolt zmannS Constant
(Totat qms) (7.3 X1oi3 5/atum- E)
(8.62 x 10ev/atom-k)

Fach athice site is a potenthal vacaney

Se
Measunin4 Hchvahan Eneg
we Can 9et y t m a n _eyperined.

Expencntal 29=&y.z-
Dependence
V exp
T
Detet Cincentrarhon

Replot it

slope
-
 Vatancy Conen ahon
shmahng
inLm' of
of vacanCies
nd He epu,l
Cu af l000 °c.
Ac 66.5 9/
iven 8.4>/0 y/m Na.02xL0®
P: 8.4 9/un aTD Msm.

0.9 ev/atvm o.ev/atd m

/-Qv 2.7 x/0
exp TL 1273k
.62xlo5 ev/ahm-k
Foy 1m3 N EPxMatm38-0*/e"Site
Io)"Cm
Answer /0 Cm
Ny(2.7 XLD)(8.0 x1D" )Stes
2.2 x (o vacancies

Vbserving Eguilbrium Vacancy Conc.

Low energy elecmn microscope Vieuw

P
of all Surtae pt NiA
Increasng temp Causes Surtae island o
atoms grDu
hyLE eful VUanay Lonc LnCregsss
via atom_Muhn tmm ie crystal_p
He Surtace hhere Ley jon_ e 1sland
Point Defeots in Ceramics
Vacanues
Vucanuts exiSf In_ Ceamics t r bot
Canuns and anions

ntershhals
Tntershhals exis tor Cahons
Tntersphls _are not
novmally oóstYvtd
 VY Unions beceuse aniens areakg e
Yelahve u te ntershhal sdes

Peint defecis in Ceramic

Frenkel Defect
A catbon Vacancy Cahon ntershhalpar

She tky DAect

A paired SeF of CQHon and qnion vacgc es

E9ul bnUm Concchtation of detocdr

Zmpertechons inMetals
w Outwmes it impunty CB) Gdded h
hos(A)
Solid Soluhen fR inA Lie handumn
S t Paint dedets)

SubspAo Spli Spla

S D d SD/r
in Fe
eg C r
Seld soluhon ot in A plu parhele
0t aheu/ phase (usually 12Y a_larger
amounto£ B)

SecondPhuse parhde
dferent Compas.hon
olten dferenE Sruturt
 S e l i d Seln
sbsptuhonal
Condhhons fr
Retlery rule
w.ume
Ar(atomic radius) 157
perivdic fable
) . P v . mty
in

IeSmlar cleconeahvihes

)Sae CYystl Strueture of pure melt

4 Valen ty

7 I else being e9ugl,a met l illhave

met
geatev tendenty t_dissolue a_
Of higher valency han one 0t lo wer
valeney
Applicahon o Hume -Pottery rules
Solid Solubons Fc4Hcp a r al
paekes
Clem en Atomic Crysta l
rdiusStrueure-
ElecmneI«huty valene
(nm)

Cu 0.1278 FCC T2
C 0.021
0. 046
0.060
Ag 0.14Y5 FCC 9
0.143/ Fcc S
Co 0.1253 HCP
0. 1249 BCC .L
0.1241 BcC
2
0.12
Pd 0.1376 L&
FCC 2.2 +2
Ln 0,1332 HCP 2

uoul preditk
you moro Al or Ag f
dissulve in Zn
Mor e Za or in Cu
uminum
2n
Applicu unc of tume -Rctlery rules
Suld Souions

mpertecHons in cerd mies

Electroneuhalty Charge balance ) mus!

be main fa ined when impun hes are
EX Nace
prescn
Nao C O

Subshtabonal Cahion impunty Catbon

Ca vacanty
Va
D
ThouE ImpuYLTY-
tUTth mpun

Subsphuhong Anion Lmpuyity Anion vacancy-

Wh ou Lmp wth Lmpuny

hLDefects

Dislocahions
areline defecs
Shp between_crystal planes result uwkern
dislocations moVe,
Prduue permanent Lplasha) detormahon.

SChemahic of zint (HP):

hetere detormahen After fensle
Cleng astion

SliP
S+eps
 Lmpert echons in Sc/ds

Detects D, s/ocahons)
irear Cnl detecsUnund
1Ene-dimens
Luh.Ch a toms qrC msulgned
irear defeat
Cdge dslocabon:
ex ta halt plane ct qthms n Serted n
a_crystal Structure
bperpendicu ker 4) 2 dslocation_lire
detcef
r e w dis/ccu ben:
agulqr
Spral_Planar ramp resulhn9 Pm Shean
detomañon
b arallel u) dslocabion _line.
Burg ers vecer b _measure ot lutice
dhszo bon
Moton of Ede Dislecahien
2DSlocuhon mubon reguirS tLe SucLesive
buumpin a halt plarei abms
fmm left h nght here)
-Bends acnss He SliPp ng plaS are
bnken and renade in SuCCessjon

Lmp ertechons in Solids

dislocabons a r visible in SCannin9

elecn microsLope (SEM) Tmage
dater beter deefme conduch uty
odangling bonds qrt move a/ong He
oslOCaton.
 Planqr Defeols in Selids

n e Case is a tun beundary ( plane.)

-Essenhally a retlechun ot atom peshons
acrvss He fuirplane
Twrn ptaretbouniary)

rous DwS bAt

dex ent
Orientaion

Stacking aulk
FoY ECC metals an_Qmr inABLARC
plcking SeguenCe_
Ex ABCABABC
Catalyste_and sutace Detectr

A Catalyst inC2ases He ate ot a Chemic

reachon wiheut
beingConsumed.
AAchve Sites _pn CatalySts 4re no/mally
Surtace_detects

Mion scopi Exalinubpn

Crystalltes Cqyains) dad grainboundanes
a r y Cons.de rably in Size Can be guite ugc
ex Large sinjle Crystal Cf juatta o
diamand or S
ex Aum/am l4ht pest or qalhaye Cn
-
 t h e ndv dul graihs
(grauns) Cun be fuite Sna
ys/ell tes
Observe_ wt
hécessury
mn vY less)
rnicTUS Cope.
UM Opbcal Micros Cope X JO00 max)
SEM 7,000, OOb X 1S possble).-

Ophcal MiCoscOpy
Useful Up to 200o X_magnlficahen
PonShing Yemoves SurtaLe teatures
Leg Scratches)
Etching Changes tlectance, depending on_
Cyys ta ornentahon
rain Boun danes
Are impertechens
are more SusCephbe n ething9
May be reveales as dark lires
Chan9e in Crys tal o n taton acss
boun dar
ASTIM grain Ameican Stun dardizahon
Si2e ndmblr O Teshngs and atenalk
CASIM)
humber 0t grainsin
af LD0xmagnihahon

He magn.b cabon is otex than

200X
l0oX, sa
N= N20eX eubee an is He
number Of grajhs Caunted in tle
t He pi cture isLun lhsttad of _DoX_Phen
1"2N
omX(2,5 2
Asste_we have S grains
65 2 n-/og, 65+