UNI1-1 0nic Spectaoscopy

nersaoinctples
1ntedkuctian eto o b,nept ion ond
ye emscion e d e r )

fuctoma2nedtc
Wawelongth
RadiastfsnS
0.6 m

2b6-10onmn
IbAe
UV Vis visibl-400 800 MM
padiatfdns

. 1 R dadhtons
-Nean T&0.82.SM
2-S- IS M
Mid TR
Farr TR-1S
-200 M
o 01-1 M
5 MicrsdWaNeS

6. Radib w a e s

Madocular
Mala culas
bekind tha
bekind
prihcipke
The generval
The
of eloctromagneHc
elactromagnetic
teraotfon
th
scopy is
SechoScop1
Specto osder to poDduce Cu
a
mafers în
adiation with a Spectruny Fa0M
emtssfon "paten .
abtsptien 66
nfrsmartfon con be
ConbR
or conapos-tibna
twhic Shucturad
u hich
Maka.cuka. UV-visi bAR Spec.toboy
sucedt Frs aa Spectosco,
aS elecod nc
s alo FAs
 Tntgpduattoan Enisslsn and Akstisn Spectraseapj

The specsa sf
The atoms ar of tuwo types, Sach a
)A bsrsphion Spectra
+efess do tha deakniauo that
meour the
abssption oFradation os a funetfHon of Foejneny
oswove keagth dus to 1is 1n-teractfon cwith a Sampla

The abreption Spectuy. s poimos'y datemin

by the osoMtc and mgkacukars CoAApastn coMpositfan
moteriad.
Radtasion is mdr Mkely eto be "aksTshesd at
fanehes that match tha eAengy dittepeica. betu
two uasrfum mechanicaul States of tha, molaculaj.

Thabses?tion that occss dusto toansiHfon

betwees two Staer is efered t a s an aesesptsi)
Sne and a Specsum îs typfcalycompssesd of may Ainei

SLIT Lines

Cnes

G1adschonga Pri Sm
Hube condein

fia ine Spectun of ydeogenfmiston

Enission Specta
of ckeca Cpouns
The eMiCsio Spectun a

FreuaAiEN of fM emiHed
t h e Spectn o
toansition
d
tuoto atn d -Makgcule Makin a

SBate t a swer ener2y

M
ym aa eeny
stat
The eAery t th fhotsn eu Hes s eu
enersy HeNC betueen tha_two Stoks.
t th
ekactonic toanaHon
The ant many possila
acoM and each trangf4sn ha s a

frs eaah
HerencR Ths coleadion of
secHc
Secikc eney rasiadta
onsHonr Aoading to iferent
iFferen
kasths ,make up emisston SpectuM.
wa

Spec
Soufon ism
ia Lens
8UT
HaAbsesphi on spectsun of &un ugt
 Abss ptto Laws
be Sitadires on a bar
AbsrsptfBn GF r Can

ane
OF two Kaws,hese
OLombents l a and Beas-Lomberd h Lao
D Lombent's lad
1 Stases that, hen a beam of Mono Chrsmati

Aght s passedtwrough a homogongoug akrsbma

the rade sf decaease of nfensty sf t
Medun,
Taiation wh rcknes of ahsebng
M@sdim fs
naolond ght",
poopostional do stho mfensfty of
Mastkamatically,

dI Small derramg ih mdensty F zh on pash

thoughaamal thsekner r .
T Tndensidy of t ,kc Popsatinalhy c»nsand
absosptio) Coeficend
Keorrong hg eznd ond Mdegradng betweey s

m - -kz ntikag)
 inl th-leAshdy
of 1ncidan s aodtadfan
1
1 odc nskhy a44ea past) thwasugh 'tstnes x .

he dcn.sidy of hd aktag bed (Ian) is 3fven by

1 1 T - T,-T,é
Taes1.(i- kz).
nasuad gorit
cham
s base 10, h e euadfan fs

2 303 As9 -KX X

2303
whe
KeXHincdforytoef{fcen4
/ k

K
2.303 T , 16*
ero ),

1 1o o
extncfn
hicknes n of hsa pîny madhumat wsch tha
inde nsi d oF ihd is educod rto one-¢dh
4 s GstqMayalue.
2Beas- lombered's lo
Monocunbmatc adation of a
Whon a beom of
oluefion, 1d îs
Sultabla epoMoy pa 91e haough a
a bs be by ha Sonuti) Asa aegult, ike mdeneby
fsom uo
of h wkb.n f4 finally emer«ges
*eduaed. TA 9% ís th
okundi on,ic congidonably
ha 9nchdond be am and I4 fs Fha
ndcnsidy o
of teonsiHeod Le am t s tha Menskdy
indensi cty
of Aiyh absbed, 1a ,is fven by
1a -14 DD
th beam is defined agthe
The ntensity of
perpeAliculars to the
enesy Fama on und
area

beom e
pers unit Hme Tt is opstfanal t he A
beom rs

of pkodong indlont an nl} anta m anlt 4me

The indea3hy hd aksbed T'wiu Le

thicknesr 6f tho
aksre bing Seluntisn. Motkmaticaly
L .c 2)
.cI ) -£.t.d (
11ond we
t

n 1 : . c . ) )m -. c.T
-
2Bee.s-lambert l lad of a
adiation
whon a beom of Monocunsomatic
oluctiony di
Sultablo. faequonoy pa Sses twasugh a

by t h Solutin As aresult, hdcny

rihe îndcnsly
absrse
of the kgh4 whan 4 mally emeses fcom ha
resucad. T Io ís the
Solution,fs considesably
of the fncidont beam an d 4 fs Fh
9ntensy
of cheonsitHed beaM than tha tenssty
Tndensi cty
of Agt abshed, Ta ,is 9fven y

beaM is defined ag H
The nensty af t
enesy alng o) n aea pespeAdiculane to t h .
beom
OFphódong indidant on nt anta îm n t 4me

The ndeashy htaasnsotsd ' wBl Le

por tTonao t a concSriradian a thicknes of tha
aksnsbin Sokutin, Matkomattaly

.c (2)

Iegadhgeqn3 betueey AAnsts

1 Ians

-£.c
 natuna Kg adrty t base to
on Chongh en) on
2-3 03 Ab

C -g'.c.r G G)
2-303
absmaption CoefMcent
sexcHsn csefftcient
peFhinaog ashe absrbonca A, of t a Sohution.
pefAna
Tf he Concantrarion expesed in mol dm and
is
a s erpesed Oo
th path langth zt n CM than
molas aoso pfí on
on
as a s opí
is fenaed to
dm Mol cM
Coefictent
he toanssdoneo T dofined as

T O
TranSmtanCA
anR elaed a
bana and

-g.cr

keorcngm e © ,we a2t

CeM
eoeHfcrenf fs dolned a ho
Henc Malars exdAnetfbn
Tecipcaof H sckness of cth Saliution Kauyers
of IMakors concortratfbn cwWch aeduces the mlensidy

t h a l Valuo.
A erk s colle optead sdant
 UV Spec tbSco

dotects the eloctonic sansitong

OV speCtosco
stcongugaded sys.teMs and povides abaut H
infrsmatian

Aa ngth an shuctune of he congugatW pant of a

moecul
The wavtlangyths of uV izht aksreted by
The
Molaeula ae dle termîned by h a elacbnic eA3y
iHerenCes betuueen bitals of dha Molacuda
bsnds ane vey Sdaia o^d ha, Doc dong
Stma
in 6-bonds ane usually naffecdes by UV wowelo)
of igt abov 200 M.Pi bonds kane eloctt tHt

an easlly
Ma excted tht wyha an
LitlsConug ode 8ystems a paascudarry ikelyh
kae Aou - lymg vacand d s , ,ans elactsnier

n8iong ntothQse d l s prbuce Chorac-kithi

ultra viskat obsopHions .

Types ofF Eechoc ansittong

w'he a Mslacua abssbs UV-vifbl Aah4, it
elecons 2t pnmsted fan the rsund dtoak thi

wherr excsed tode. L gugel State ,the s phs of

es
e s a n pasres,To excled tade, 1F tha Sphng of
e anR paî e ane caled oxc4e« ngAet Stak
h e Ssîng «f es o parade) ane callad
eKcitedN hiplet State The tpkat îs always îd
Asweercey than excíted smgkat Sta Sa
d p d . Stas fs MaR Stabla as Compone to
exaited shgAat StaR
 1
1
S E.S
Slalalscy of qafhet Sihylot
L
IAV
G1S G-s
Tpkaf S4ote)
(Shngat Sto4)
8f UVor vishLla aet.eulds
The absosptio)
exoed hglat Stase
to
fn SingAe rdund.Stode denHian of
e.excifotion pd(20sks wíth
hroasiton. SpinS
S4ode to
Th transffin Aron sngat ownd,
Tha.
frrddan
Stase fs Symmety
exoesd chipha
The ksghk porbabda ctran4fon dua t
rayntion). învoures tha
enerqy
absoption 6F uo4tised LUMD,
oneelaeso) saM HOMD to
poMption of
molgcuwle exrfHed
ccdng toMOT ,wka a

ane panefed
of enary t s elocseong
by absosptfon Lita
Fun bondng to ontibondng
DiFfeaent TronsHons
9ponofed
)6 6 tronsf40, when -eleeson
antibondng G* had eloctons
G¥ tronsHon , tWha non-bsnalhg
)n
antHbondna 6t bstal.
PMofes t a
uwhey pmodson of T-¬s
t) tonsition,
obftal
o , ondibond fha T e1s
iv) n- 1 doonsHon, when non-bondihg e S
PobnDehes nttbonalihg 1 obidal
 Anti- ba aling

An ti-boneltng
Foeay
n-T Non- bsndtn

TT Bsndm
6-6 ondin
Fa EAactosnie excftato) enerzi es
The
The eneryeuxd frs voious tronsiHons
bey
obe th folloufng R
Ci) 6-G* ronsiHons
Saturottd
The 6-G* fransitiong occuntg n
wydrbcabons oAd 4henr ypes of COMpsuM n wich
al valoneo sheu elaeing a volned n Smg
bonds,ane found nulthra vilet zon smea
nusne e y eny.

Such a hsansfon u t s adaton sf very

Shorst waelongth. , Vizh
SCopre e c h n u , Qonlt loe, used els 206Mu, Snl
y esent m, a begns absrso Stsnoy
Stucy Such hizm enegY ransitfonselos 200MM)
enhaepath MustLe ewaouoded. Thus,h
aihn belg 200 MM S Coony caes vacum ulta v
 o Tha. exoltatfon of Sama bond eloccto) to
netetenthtn of
A 0ntibonadng koe occos cwith
elocsaonse Spfm
Tf's type sf trons¥an
mSatusadeCopounds Condainsma 6n
Jaes
taKes
plaa
with unshoned p a o f eloctong.
Lpteo asm
heeo
ess
Aixe coMporsorHvey
guch ta antfong
that u i d fr G-6" toangf Hsne.
eAeythan
e x t r a n s i t i o n s î0 Saturatcd halidasadcohods,
amfnes etc
ehess, aldohylay ,tetones ,

-X: -

Tn Satusatd alkykhUdes the ene

dkoneases esith
ewith
hsansi}f%n
reuives fos Such
frr a
atn
the ncease mthe s 2 r of halogen
f aM
or deckase în.elec toneaaidy
tHCTI HC-
E-Nsf Cl t S
Arn.es abrob at wyhors woyelanthg as
exfacdsn
CaMpaned t aeohas ond hence ha
be orgar. AkcokadAg
Cofi e fr aufnas wn
Suoh
ASwel as anines H-bondng wish sowents ,
fm
occus
oua n f h Pesenc df onbohd
nsnbonding
ocacfon
as Ras
son hetcar atom and sansfH)
&kifAS the OV-aloupi6n
2 Htydsgeo losnslng
ener2ytydroge)
Cnr
S k o skonter wawe aAgth*
C ) - TT ansidions Thrs type sf doonsíthan
Occus n Cangacusades Condtes of e Moe cule
.e. COMpounds Conrfamn9 doubla r
tohas loaned s anN
aAssn arstmattes.
The excldah on
of TT eloctoonseuires
Smalles ensy of tis Type
enass and kence, Asongifan
Occwas a ongRa wawelonTh. A TTeleccton of a. |
daubla bon S excsAed to sbital:
akenes, alkynes ,coabarujd Campouuds, Cyanjdes
a20 COMpounss etc.

cc Sc:.c
The absrsp-tion occeins, at onger.waeAongihs
ond ufthn t h egfn of slnay ultsa-v+dket*
Spec.doophstmcders.Tn unconTug.atts alkenas, absapton
bond appeos ornd7-M0 MM and m osbonls
MorR
ha, and s appeors orstund l80MM and s
is
extihchor Coefscrent kg
intensesd . . tha yalus_ f
Gv) n T* Tansftion Tn this oansHon, on.
elcdoon of unshantl eocton s a on heted asa
3ts exoftcd T* antílsnsna rlitad:
of doronsHion MIRSaaot amound ot enongy
as
Of aA he honsidiong andhenco oceui

woe ths
 Satusatd aalde hudes
rr): Skouo both dypes
H
tooAsiHDN S . low encAD1 n> T1* aqd hih
eneray TT-T ts anstion. Abcox plin occusng a
A wavelamth is usually 'nteAse.
The hansitfon ofnT* s accaptcd a tha
is d»cder fr n-1 *
Maas extinctTo Coefficent
Mola

tronsitin. In Satraded cashonyl campsund tu types

of hansting takes placoukseh ane
Highencey transfHione
Gn 6*(mtease)
i) T* (înteAse)
Lou eCsy onsstfons
n-TT* weak R bond)
ChooMs phorts
alsndly
fned as oy soladed cov
1t isda
that shswr a ehartan teristk
ondes rBup
Tnthe ultrais ket d the
absrptfon fon

AM hae coapsun cslch absrb zht of

Y00-800 MMapseary coAauraed
wowelangt beduucon

h unan eye Exaat cojous dapends tapsn

thwoelangth of ahrsbes by A
A phoe s o y 89stm Cshsch
CoMpund: Cusaao
h the cmpsad-
iS espons7bla frr mpanHhg cadouws
acaety lmic, Casbanyls, acsd,
exetkylente ,
esters,ieiA gup etc
 casbonuy 96up ss oy praand chromophn
Aizt by an ssalaed
akthough, tho akin ption f
Uv
oay codaurr Spe
up doesnod patduce,
There. oe two dtypes of Choomopheres ;
whsch h e oup Contons
.
(a) CwroMOphores f
elactsonsu ond they tnekrsa o n T 7 rtsansfHOns

Such etylnes ,acadylonag etc.

chaoMophores ane

) ChsouMophores eusTh condan ooti eloccrons and

on bondha elecdaons Such
Chsmophnes nderng0 twp
.

of dsansitHan f , TTt*
aMd nT*,
types
Such Chrsomo phoaes ae cabonyAs , ndAARs, a26 tmpau

Ntso Conpounels etc

Thexe
There ane no &et ues fors the dentiHeaho
of a haMopkoeThe Chonge îm posshon as welU ag
the întersity of aksrophon dapends upop a AazR
Nmbers Facdrss these
of
) Spectsum ConsTsdha of a loond 360MM Ma
Conoin dtud r hie conjugactts unts.
) Absption bo-ndls neoa 270-350MM w very

dsonsitiong d cotbony
ri) Spka congugaded CwenMophorves Such as dhenly
a de

d,vBd,B- Cnsatursaded Kedones hane kih Emay Valua

o03D20000
T h e absopon wrth max Vau bedueen 16a
o o00 ShowS N stmatic Sy34en.
 nuclus is Sabsttuted cwrth oupr
when s tMadic
when

wch
which co exBend the Chaomophore t e abtnpthm
extmaffon
extnetf6n
at stiu higher values df
Decus
OCCussS

Coefficieds.

AuxOCwnAMeS does not

auXOChsua fs ony stup skich
cunonophoye bu4 wkose pasence
oa
self aef as absrapsor)
absrpfon bons
bonsl
of the
a skSF4
bringssabout ie
e d end of the spectuy
tpwosds the t h Combhathis
Combmtisn
T s dua, to
Janges wotelongth. ouxocmsnr t aîne
and ay
Chrsomopho
of roup is
a
Auxocredna
se to onothes Choromophane
callg colouns eakancsha p
-OH-OK,-NH, -N#R.
e auXoCkrstmiC soups o
NR -SH et
auxochaun
The effect ofthe
fsd2 1 s abidy t èxtend th Cngugoi3

A Shorhg df non-bondng
Of Chrsmopho by
fsalsr uwkich
Chaibphoe
elactons Thus,a new
Value of dtha akinpton , maM)
has aa dHeentf
Coefficent
as wel oas the extmction
Nh

(yle toloug) No Calous

Emay 6D
CMarEl13 0
 AM auydowstMc rsuyf Conrlosnnine btn eJoo
Due to tkss thene is extenin CoTg affsn of
CkadMophore y Shann the no-hondng elocdong.
CH
CH2CH NCH< 4HC-CH NHE
&othocheowie skit
tfkih
T+ is on effectbyvsut
Absrphisn ond Lndensiy Shfts
Ca) Bacthochstic Sh+ L+ fs an Hec b
which tha abgor pBhan MaxmiwM sshf4ed ts ujards
onge wavelonath
auxochsme r ly Chae.of A onen
Such a SiPt stbwords onges wawelegt
IS caes Red sSt+ rBasthochrouic Shitt:
The n-T* AroaSitMon fr earrbony compaunds
en jeiencej bathockrouac. Sft uhog h a
polovsidy st SoarentTsisecneajed
(L) HyproChrvsaic H Ts oy effect by
whschthe absptibn) Matmum Ts shGfAed qp w
Shder wawelangth..Ikeabsrspssn shaf4ed
thwonds shrter wave Jongih Ts calld Bur
Shrtr hypso chronic gE+
 May be causes by the eMova of ConTua
MOLy
chogfnJ the pslorehty of dho
nd oalto by
,a bsse pfss) Mi
n dh,e, case of onne,
calrent
th poi elocton
of eloctn
occwS at 280 MAA Lecaue
m conagafm uif4 dhe lbond
an Nnoge acton is
Hs a0llc Soluhog,
Sytemo sthebenzonR s n L n
Systen

bua ShGf+ S causes ond oasrephon o ctua$

a

at Shoode waekoth

acic
Ln NH anilSm Ton fromed î
pas is no longer Poesent
ediunhe elacton
honce Concnugaffan 1S Mae
Hypes chnmS Shift

Hypsachac
Bachockrsowic
SSF
Cax /Hypocadnsc
SWFA

SiSts.
bsrephfon) and Tatenthy
a
C Hypercaomc ShiEt a nan effec
due o isch dhe n-tensshy of assrpiísn
MaxiMuw neaes f-Emax noneases,e- h
B- Jeanel frs Pyfne at 2-St MM na 27so fs
SkiFHed to 262 M Enan 3SSO fr 2-Metuyd Príalma
 The htoduac Han oF on auXO Ch0M usaallu
ncrtases nHensyM of absnptrs)
(d) Hypocksonic EHect T+ is defined as « effe
efew an

lue to lhichthe ndensíty of absrpHSn MayiMn

decneases e extnetfon Coeffichent nat dacataneg,
aJksCh
The ht ockna4fn OF oup

OMety OF h a Makatwe poCuaonse

CauseS

bipkoan aclosrbs at 25o MM mg:nt

efect.
Whereas 2-Mety lbiphenya a o s r b s ad 234 MM,
EMag 10 250
strdion Metky
2-Methy bikenw