Htslorcy

Medsecsmteicob'rolo deals with Causelive

aents, hts
tecrons , -the. ay
they prced uce
thedsese. 'and the nethods used jorc
driagnots.
7 Mtcrobes arre gvesble
7 nton Van Le
euwenhoek. descrexbed bacderia
hd-tn gL26ses to make. ense s ren
cee.
as morcowqrCoel forc ms", and
a m aleulR{ descrorhecd

Falhert o ecrcoscopy and:mTCrtobtol

Robertt hook devetpped coiPöund
oCsco Pe.
Lous PASTTeUR
7 A fitench
Gcrerttsl , father of modo
mt Crcobrol» 91

*udras on ere mentaton as due to

mrtCroals. a
7 Ofontaneous enercaftonthepy

Lntrcoduction 0 StrxTzakron
7
technegues'.
In-troduced Prcoces.5 0 aAtenuatton
enuated bie Vacce ne jorc arthrtaX
and Tabres

ROBERT kocH ,
athec. o bacleroiology
7DTsCovere d cantbreaoU
hace lus, tubertc e
bact lus and cho
Lerca Vt broios.
7Jntrroduuced. Stat
ning echnuues
nt rroduced me:l hods
ust Sod meAta ohtainn9 Pure Cullu
unts
kaCH'S POSTULATES
Mterro-ortanm
an s
1nettous dsesse.
acce
cce Pted
Ped as Causkrve.i oen
Sm
Ghould he
Leston Constentl a5s Iwh the
.ossbLe to
tsolate
the LeSiton olate nn purre
purre Cult
Culturces jreon
LsoLakedor artSm Should
eSton ohen prtoduce. Sem Lor
incculaé d io.borcaort orimals.
Posstble to
urc re-solted the. orgadksm
entu itucesi
amal from the bestonN *n exercim.
-An adb-ttona added
Spec¥ic an- body
should be.
in e seruum o denonetra ahle
Patronts
kochsPhenomenon
Giuenea Pgs
ertce baci ius auceadynfected r-th
resfondd t h
1n{lamm aulorty resPonse hen
xJgëraed
injected utth
bacrlus orc(fets frcolen. -ukerrcbe
 Comparuison
Slrcuctr ftrokaruplas EukarpHeS
. Nucleu (retatd eimitie) (one aidvaneed)

ucleat membrane Ahsent Prrosert

Nucleus

Chrtomosom ona. (Cxrrcular) Manyneart

Deortretbonucleo
revtetn -Absol Prresert
Nucleaut drrvtsto
na fissioo ctosts
a. HolaSm

CRlat orreues
-Absen Pre esent

RboSome5 H0S

St4e o. rresrtorralto
me sosomeS
MTiochondsoi a
Pknoeytes 5ent rLgen
3. Che mtca
Corm pasitton
-1-rolS Cceu mombrane) Absent Present
Murtaec acrd cotl
u Prasent Abse
Psent

M-rcrroScopy
>6tze of. Mcterta exfre ssed in
mècrtome-ters (m
(1L toomm
Medr calu mp baclercra measure 0-3-15 m
ca ad 345 un in
lenqth
Visuabrged asTLY r-h a meno9cop?
 TCKOSCopr cal examènlon ts the, f e r t oP

inden-{tcatcon
Prtoperces of temoscoe
70ctesoluto nl abtlir -to Produce Ge Partaie
-

Tmae 0Close Plded objacts to drls-tnguwish

unoorded op-
0.amm)/[LM-0. Lum(£M-05
.
100
Contrrast -imprtoved by
StaOT
190d efcalon Toat
tetd the. Prcoduet
magnittcadion o a

of inagndftoatèod of
Objeclve. and ocularc Lons.

fes a Mrcrcosco peS

.Ortca |erght field or

Lght Tercostope
Forcms a
derck*ma airet a.
brucslere
ha ck rcound

2- Phase Contrrast
iercoscope
Vualeze unbtatoed bieoq Ceus by
Con-trtast blw
Cecatin
Ceu and
ater
3. Darck freld c..
Dark round) mTeroScope
Objects affe bret agaxnsta drk back sttxand
. Puore5cen-t rcrOtcore
se o duoteS enti dyes to Crea Imge

LecUton TC rTOSCOose
Use o accearaied elecicons as eecce
flLumtnation ,
 Slarnn
(mfovos Comtast a} bacleialL eeL undore t2
meroscof
w

mple. trtn

Jmpronatten methods
Ditorstrnl Gtatning

3c-d fast staindnq iohL -Neclo9, p i )

3. LhoJt. S-taenë nq

Mor pho
ceu aLs that
es orantsms have r r d
d-elercmn the Shape and based 09 there.
Sape th ace
lassftod *ot
1. Coc -freom kokkoS meantnq heer ) SPhercinl
otc
OvaL ceus Acor dènc-to thePra anÝqement
-theyarre dvtded
D¢ pLoCocc In Pares)
>StaPhylococt ( cluuSlert.s)
6LercHocoecCin chavtns)
Telriads oups of fout)
utin a (e-l)
2. Bacr - (bac elus, meantng ra). ad
Shaped
CeUs
Accoedengto tkeirr artrrang omonrt tho ar

Classed as
 7 CoeCDhacili (Length idth ) (eg rcuceu a)
Cureved CCmpylobatio (6ju. vina) (Her co
baCler

Chtnese. Leltet
rC Cunerijortm/
e Corjneba eAercun)
V Shaped tuHrt)

Comma Shared (Fish in irco.am aPp:) (e-3 Vibrto)

(rui qd sriral prems) Ceg SPirerUun)

SPtrs Lbta

Bacteria

7bactercta ceU Consists f golowtnCpm poren5-

Ceu oalu
7UtoPlasmt C. ort Plsma
nem brtae
CHtoplasm
2HoPlasmc tnclusTa)
CRTbosorme, mesoso mo., NaCLDLaS)
>A Sè nke CxtCLLLaK.
Chromo Som
O A

Carsule
lageuLa
2Fimbrtae .
2 CaPsuR_

Ribosom
ososomes
7Ceuacu
Hor lajmri
- Greanula
mombrean.
DNAheluyio

Fgeum (eo.cloria cou

) Ce Wal-
9 4 *s a rouh and rrid &rit Ctur.e

OuRiund nq the bac 4erum n hOn.

94 l0-at/nm n thic hness
1 4 e tghts about 90-a51. 0 dr
i9ht ce.
ceu nu S Pertido-
7 Rrd farct of thet
Jton.
tarm Positve cel DtL ha.
Smpler
Chemrtcau. ncuturte thn those
bactercta qrcam net
Fnctronj
Preovede prokectto n to cel a9atnst
oSmotrc damas -*

ConferS tordt| upon bactera

7lakes in beu. dievèston.
2arerties bacieretal arti sons hat Tm.
n
ruLlence and
tmmu-
GTm negat ve cel wal
It
Con-4ain s the toko*nComfonènts
Lpe P rtolei Loet n

Ovele. membrrahe.
+
po Pollsae hareitde
*
he, Pese plasrC
Pace.
pekdo ea
ortcm Pasrteve. Cel wau
L Co ntaiens the. ootot n Comfonont s
ertdoq ycon
*Te ChoT Acid
Bacteruia with Detective Cen
*My coplas ma.
sorms
pro toP Lasts.
s Phertoplasts
*
aCtoplas rrc Mebrcane
Semi percmeable, mombitarn.
as a
IE acts

7 also Con-taYn enz me.S necess ar

.

fort ceL oall Gn-thes ?s..

3) CtoPlasm;
CotaTNS Tbasom es eSOSome
7+

VacALDLAS ond. ToCluSTons

Rebosomes
Center6 of PEotern Snthesis
TntracytoPlasm C ncustons
2Goutces o Store d enera and Present
in ome SPecies batteriq
Mesosomes

PTotnerPcuL CetroR o+ 'TTesDtrtatortu

Mote preominent *n Girtam Positva

 pes 0 mesosorms
(6enal
)Lauerca

I+h s no nuclea
membTano. O nuC¬D buy .

7he enomc DN s double S-t rrande in

he Jorm of a. r rCLe
The baclerctal DN+ rat tasns baclercral
enera. "Cartacteris-tic.
Som-e ate
Pos sess
mateuta nhe extrconuelenrt enera
o DN4 named Ct-DPLasm Consis-ti n
as
asmrd
)Boclerotal cassule and stme
>14 is he et
amortPhous visd
Secreeton whih haciergtal
Srtreounds Som
bactertta as -thest rg
Outre nast r t
lhent rmemartns s yose
Secrelton, ttts known as nder rtcaled
sbt me. oeT.
Fundions
Capsule Rnhan ces bactertral
b bittn Phogeettass. Vtrruulane
71+ acts as
otRClYve. Covereën
anttaclerral ubs-tantes. aad ns4
Capsulast antgen Can be. u
dentrcrtto n and tn sed for
backrti a
 Copsule
(D

(6) Alaela
hese. arte Ctto Plasmf e appendages Pro+reare
hreough eeu nu .
7
Ihese arce
Composed of. Preo-t
5-30 am, *ri Length, and Oi0
lert min drae
7 hey arce orea ocomo-tt on.
Conststs of thrceeiRartds
(aPlamet (b Hoo
(asal bod.
714 has
artrtaement orc +ype
a)Mono-tUthomS
AmPh+richoms
C) LoPho-truichomS;
) erti-trotchoms

tmbrorae
These are. hatr. Ltke
apedaoes Proje in
com-he Surace as
HcahN 4tlounent
7 Ihe arte also Cauled Ptt
he arce. 01 o 4 0 um LenHh and ess
thoun 10nm bhTCK
7 mbrr ae oround in Some.
rram **n a t v e
bacterttoa
D Tyres
* Common Pru
* Cex ort
P+
*CoL IPiut
8 unttons
-Adhaston
*"Transler 0-f
geneltc melortialb
(3)
DeLcdton ot
mbtae
#Cleetrcon mtereoscoP
*Haema gin trtinto
(6)Bacerttal sro rte
SPortes ate
h|hy
Stga torcmed in rresBstan-tresttng
meria. Cond-ion Uun avourcable nv
of xo
49 batleroiu Sporres ton-
eons udrutents
arte .

the Pareont tomed it*n

ceU, -the se
ceuS are
endosPorteL.
mtlerotcu. Ce
tn ntrrtli
doreqoe.s Sporte. Jortmaton
onauy d PTET Ved
and th-s
Prtdce 5.5 s Cctlld Condetions
SPorte
devetoRS Tton
SPortulai ton
Plas m nea. o Porutton o Prto-Eo
end of the
7 he. ceu
emaTntn art CaUed
SPotyTum.
 fxosPo rium

3 P o r e coo

Cot

SPoremèmbrearo

SPorte Corr-le

(Baclerca Stome
) Morc Pholay o Srate
Core
ForreS Porte
SPorre membrr.ane
> 6Porte Corlex
Srorre Coad,
9xos Porui um.
e)ShaPes asd bbTtton O GPortés

*Shape -Ovaul on GPheroiea

Postto

|Non - butn

SPore Bultin1
*Contal SPore
*6ubteruntrul Centra
+ Terrmtn k Subtereminal
* lermina
)Reslance
TSaertia sPoreS are xLremelf rresrS{anrb

tortdnarty ho- binq desintectants ard

hending
6Pores L medcally tmPortlant bac-lertta
are.
desLrcoy by atodaving
e) Gercm* natton
A o rre, *nto vesetative cellL under Gwr table
Corxditoo Ts known as
) Demongtrratfon
Gieremien octron
Carasn&atit Stat nenq
Pores aPpear
a5 an
body wrthin ceu. unst cuind rejTttR
ctitA
Modrted rehl l ullon
Srortes S+at nn-
appear. a atid
0 25-0.57
fast In this metod
Sulthuorc acrd tS used S
deco LourvtSinq
vses of Srone
7 Jincadort for
Prtoperc SLeret rzadjo
(b) SPoTe
formT Bateruia
Batius
UD5-HrUtdrum Sp.
 Bacleral Cout
ctcta,in ' Cuurre necium or ngCal
Srecmon Can be. Cound by wa nLhods'

) Total Court
Ths lofal iunbere of baglercta Prteset
pecmen irerAssecltvo ofwhetkert. the
are 2ad
utvn ort

Voble Count
This measurces onkyyrable ceus whreh auge
Cafable o Coèr nd frcaiuctnq a Colon 0
Gue-tabLe medre

Detemenatron ofvtable Counts

()Diuton metha
) PLattng Hethod

Plateng yethod
9+ Constst oaoPes

) Pour PLate methocd

(") Spread Plate
Hethod
Bacterctau rtouth Cuirve
Ihe beClercota qrcowth Cureye, Can be dtyried

otooLer ajort Pases

() Las hase

extonentral ot hase
h) tatronare Phose
v) deline. ort
doadh Phasa
 La Phase
lhe enttal Phase. of' the. eowh Curcy
*S
CaUdLa Pha se
7 he. numher of CeuUS t»es nol Chha

durceng he.
la. Phase
he durcatior of the lag Phase. s deerred
D factore.s , incudn-the Seres
enet meke -uP o the
othe nediu
ceusthe
and
Co4postion
the 6rze othe
me drun ororinu
LoPhase. -

Thettme
The Ceus aiee.
exPonen-ttalrcoth Pha se
rssTon actevel ditveden1 binctrey
d
-thetre n&rober
incroases exPoreti-
Theen errateon -ime s Caled
coth tate. intruinsic
Durcitnthe Phasethe celoeonsitp bet
tima. ard numbert. o Ceus ts. not
but xPeat exfonentia Lineare

. Stattoncu Phase

he. Staoe. hen

grcowth ea Ses bet CeUl
rtenoutn metabobicaU actve
7 n addt-lton
rtadua deP Letron
b ns otmet oogen
aRrobre CAlL
Ths rou-th
Cornbtnation of unfav brtablR
Slod and
Jnay Staus Populattons Condrtrons
coo-th
The. total
reaCn®G

Ltve Ceus
umherc 0f
Late au trefescced lo as he tatto
Phase
Deculh Phase
lhe Caued deceth Phase
batertoto. die ts
nutrvients
Many
1CeUs Lise. and telSe

Tto he. medtUn , QUDw n Sustt Yt"7

t o ma0-tautn vtabèbty ord orc

ed ospores.
7A Jew ceus, the So- CalLed percsTs-ert s, afce
Chautacroized by a sloo meta. bgvic tate

SAaopras
e a t h

Phab

La

Time

Baclertra brcoath CurcWe